‘VANCOUV
a. W-
be ae
SS 1d os
a]
Od,
STATE: AGENTS, NEW. w
REAL E
oe tg
“
ath
“
Sart
| settlers, Miners and Tors Guide
—F ROM—
Ocean to Ocean :
BY THEA '
Through a Frogon of Unsurpassed Attractions
‘FOR -
SETTLER, MINER AND rouRISt,
_ - Givenlay 14
—or THE-——
“Ta bai fir Home, eal itl Pease Sete ”
— BY —
NEWTON H. CHITTENDEN.
e
| éront. Ocean to Ocean,
—BY THE
CARADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY.
achoncianmente
“INTRODUCTION.
Satan
HEN, a ‘Tittle more than ten years ayo, the Canadian Gov ernment
J, ‘announced . its design: of building a railway through the several
Provinces and Territories of the Dominion, across the continent to the shores of the’ Pacific, the .world -stood amazed at the boldness and magnitude of the undertaking. It was true a. trans- continental-line of railway had been completed, and was in- successful operation, by the - _ American people, but.they were: over fifty’ million. strong, with. corres- ponding wealth, and’ their road followed: the. well-known: pathway of twenty years’ emigration to California and Oregon.-: The Canadians, _ With less ‘than one-tenth of their population, witha boldness of concep- tion, and exhibition of enterprise and-energy unparalleled in the history of human achievements, have girded the New’ World with tHe iron track-~--- “through the unknown region of the vast North. West, successfully sur-. mounting the most formidable obstacles | ever “opposed to railway. cons- - truction: Since 1875, an army numbering. at times not less than thirty — thousand men have been engaged summer and winter in preparing this - great‘highway from ocean to océan. - ;
Upwards of three hundred miles: have been cut through solid rock’: the granite mountains have been pierced by fifty tunnels, the total rock displacement exceeding six million cubic yards, hundreds of rivers have — ~ been spanned, several by magnificent iron. bridges. over.a . thousand feet in length, and one by the highest wooden bridge'in' America, 286 feet above water ;. fifteen streams have been diverted from: their original beds by tunnelling through the solid rock: Upon the Nipissing Divi- sion, H. Abbott, Esq:, manager of construction, under the immediate. Supervision of Mr. K. Marapole, assistant manager, six thousand men and a
4 Fro Ocean to Ocean seven: hundred, horses lived in’ canvas tents on the North Shore of Lake Superior, in the dead of winter, grading and laying.the track upon 190 miles of road, between the first of November and the 30th of April over two miles a day on an average, with the thermometer ranging from 10° to 4o° below zero. On the. 28th of January, 1885, they performed the unprecedented feat of laying nearly three miles of track with the thermometer 40 ° below zero : and on the znd of February of the same year, 11,700 feet of track were laid. in one day while the thermometer was below registering point. -With such astonishing energy was the most difficult portion of the stupendious work prosecuted, that two hundred and fifty miles were graded and the-track laid thereon, between the first day of June, 1884, and the zoth of March, 1885. °
Railways are the encics-in-the marvellous development——— of the Western portion’ of the New World. Stretching’ from shore to _ ‘shore they have extinguished frontier lines, and rapidily created along their track, settlements representing the best civilization of our age, in which ‘the school house aid church are among the first buildings erected. By affording cheap and rapid means of’ conimunication they have united the most distant communities in bonds of common interest, - and removed the strongest objection to old time pioneering, the severing - of family ties. Line after line of iron rails have been laid across the continent, until Los Angeles and New Orleans, San Francisco and New York, Portland and- Minneapolis, and, lastly, Victoria, Montreal, Quebec and Halifax, formerly separated by a perilous journey of months are now brought within a few day's ride of each other.
_ : The Canadian Pacific and its branches “penetrating the heart of ‘Manitoba, and traversing the Great Valleys of the Red, Saskatchewan and Assinaboine Rivers, open up to settlement the most extensive area of farming and grazing country in America. From the Rocky Mountains P .. to the Pacific, it passes through a region very rich in’ precious minerals ~ coal, lumber, fish and fur-bearing animals, with large bodies of excelient -pastoral, agricultural and fruit growing lands..
_. The sublime grandeur, unsurpassed beauty, and great variety of
scenery presented, the incomparably rich fields for the hunter and
_ Sportsman, rendered accessible, - make it the Royal Tourist’s Route of . the continent. ~ : Ss . ‘Possessing the healthiest and the niost st enjoyable climates the year round, Manitoba, the North-West Territory and -British: Columbia, are
_ destined to be inhabited by millions of the e strongest people of the Anglo
~ Saxon race.
By the Canadian. Pacific Railway, 7 5
navigable waters of the Atlantic and Pacific, and Europe and Asia, and the only trans-continental road owned and operated by one company.
For these reasons it passess2s unrivalled advantages for command- ing the through traffic of the North American coasts and from .Asiatic ports.
The Canadian Pacific Railway is the shortest line between the
Asa perpetual bond. of union Borive een the s several Provinces of the _ Dominion, and means of defence in time of ‘foreign or civil war, the “wisdom of its ‘construction has already been fully demonstrated by the
rapid transportation to the remote valley of the Saskatchewan.of Cana-
dian volunteers for the prompt overthrow of the recent half-breed ~
The completion of this great enterprise inaugurates a new era of developr: ent forthe Dominion of Canada. and the able minds which conceived it, and the able men who have so rapidly and successfully “engineered angtBuilt this great trans-continental highway, have justly” earned the admiration of mankind.
N. H.C.
Orrawa; Can., Sept. sth, 1885.
6 From Ocean to Ocean
THE BUILDING
—OF THE—
Cuayadian Pacific Railway. PR ee .
HE necessity for such a road through the several Provinces of the Dominion for their better security and more rapid development becoming apparent, in 1871 surveying parties were sent out to explore the comparatively. unknown region through which, if possible, it should pass, and report upon the most favorable route. Over $3,500,000 has been expended upon these preliminary surveys. The location of the road east of the Rocky Mountains being much the less difficult, the work of construction was commenced on the Eastern section in 1874, and 264 miles completed and in operation in 1880 ; but from the Rocky’ Mountains to the Pacific coast no less than eleven lines, aggregating upwards 10,000 miles, have been surveyed before determining the best terminal point and route thereto. Burrard Inlet, has finally been select- ed as the Mainland terminus, the. road crossing the Mountains through Kicking Horse and Eagle Passes. In 1880 a contract and agreement was made between the. Dominion of Canada and John S. Kennedy of - New York, Richard B. Angus and James J. Hill of St. Paul, Minn., Morton, Rose & Co. of London, England, and John Reinach & Co. of Paris, France, forming an incorporated company, known as the Syn- dicate, for the construction, operation, and ownership of the Canadian Pacific Railway. By the terms of this agreement, that portion of the railway to. be constructed was divided into three sections, the first extending from Callander Station, near the east end of Lake Nipissing, to a junction with the Take Superior section then: being built by the ; Government, was called the. Eastern section ; the second, extending * from_ Selkirk, on the Red River, to Kantloops at the Forks of the ing from Kamloops: to Port Moody on Burrard Inlet, the ‘Western section. The company agreed to lay out, construct, and equip. in run- ning order, of 2 uniform guage of 4 ft: 814 in., the Eastern and Central sections by the ‘first day of May, 1891. The company also agreed to
By the Canadian Pacific’ Railay: _ 7
pay the Government the cast, according to existing contract, for the too miles of road then in course of construction from the city of Winni-
peg Westward. The Govérnment agreed to complete that portion. of
the Western section between Kamloops and Yale by June’ 30th, 1885, and also between Yale and Burrard In'et on or before the first’day of May, 1891, and the Lake Superior section according to contract. The railway, as constructed under the terms of the agreement, becomes the
property of the company, and pending the completion of the Eastern .
and Central sections the possession and right to work and run the several portions of the railway already constructed, or as the same shall be completed, is given. by the Government to the company. Upon the completion of the Eastern and Central sections the Government agreed to convey to the company (exclusive of equipment) those portions of the railway constructed, or to be constructed by the Government, and upon completion of the remainder of the portion of railway to be con- structed by the Government, t6 convey the same to the company, and the Canadian Pacific Railway thereafter become the absolute property of the company, which agreed to forever efficiently maintain, work, and _- run the same. The Government further agreed to grant the company: -a stibsidy in money of $25,000. ooo, and in Tand of 2 25.000.0C0 acres. 10 be subdivided as follows :— . 7
MONEY SU 'SIDY—-CENTRAL- SECTION,
——s
a . 1,350 miles.—rst 900 miles, at “$10,000 per mile... .. $ 9,000,900 2nd 450 = ** 13.333 bees 6,000,000 - 315.000.9000 EASTERN SECTION. 650 miles at $15.384 G1 slice ceseseeeeees cecegeneeeeeeeers eeeee $10,000,090
$25.000.000
LAND ‘SUBSIDY—CENTRAL SECTION.
Ist goo miles aigt?s 500 acres per mile ....-. peeeaenees sae cpeeetes 2nd 450. "0068 67 ACTOS SS centennane ceeeeese rasereee 7,300,000 _ RT 8,750,000 * . 10,759,090
EASTERN SECTION.
650 miles at 9,615.35 acres per MIC ..eeeeeersseserseresersrates 6,250,000
11,250,000
25,000,000
8. From Ocean ta Ocean
Upon the construction and completion of, and regular running of trains upon any portion of the railway, such as the traffic should require, not less than twenty miles in length, the Government agreed to pay and grant to the company the subsidies applicable thereto. The Govern- ment.also granted to the company the lands required for the road-bed of the railway, and for its stations, station grounds, work shops, dock ground, and water frontage, buildings, yards, etc., and other appurten- ances required for its convenient and effectual construction and opera- tion, and agreed to admit, free of duty, all steel rails, fish plates, spikes, bolts, nuts, wire, timber, and all material for bridges to be used in the original construction of the railway and of a telegraph line in connec- tion therewith.
The Company’s, Land Grant comprises every alternate section of . 640 acres, extending. back; stwenty- -four milés deep on each side of the railway from Winnipeg | to ‘Jasper House, and where such sections (the uneven numbered) are not fairly fit for settlement on account of the. prevalence of Jakes and w4ter stretches, the deficiency thereby caused to make up the 25,000,cog/acres, may be selected by the company from
‘the tract known as the fertile belt lyirg between parallels 49 and 37 degrees, of North’ latitudé or elsewhere, at the option of the company, of alternate sections extending back twenty-four miles deep on each side of any branch line, or line of railway’by them located.. The com- pany may also, with the consent of the Government, select any lands in the North-West Territory not taken up-to supply such deficiency. The company have the right, from time to time, to lay out, construct, equip, maintain, and work branch lines of railway from any point or points within the territory of the Dominion. It w as further agreed by the Dominion Parliament that for the period of twenty. years no railway should be constructed South of the Canadian. Pacific Railway, except such line as shall run South-West, or to the Westward of. South-West, nor to within fifteen miles of latitude forty-nine degrees, and that all stations, and station, grounds, work shops, buildings, yards, and other property, rolling stock, and appurtenances required and used for con: struction and working thereof, and the capital stock of the company, shall be forever free from taxation by the Dominion, or by any Pro- vince hereafter to be established, or by any Municipal Corporation therein, and the lands of the’ company in the North-West Territory, until they are either sold or occupied, shall also be free from such tax- ation for twenty years after the grant thereof from the Crown.
The Canadian Pacific Railway now comprises the following roads,
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 9
the Pembina Mountain Branch of which is being extended 60. miles the present season :— ,
’ TRUNK LINE.
MILES Montreal to Callander.............ccssecesesceecteeerseesseeeeeeseets 345 Callander to Port Arthur....cccsccsecessseseeses seen seeeseceenene 657 Port Arthur to Red River, opposite Winnipeg.......sees betees 428 Red River to Savonas’ Ferry... ...cccsesessee censeeeereeseseeenes 1,252 Savonas’ Ferry to Burrard Inlet...... seeeeenereees va aeaetenevaaees 213 2,895 BRANGH LINES ACQUIRED AND BUILT.
MILEs.
St. Lin, (Ste-Thérése Junction to St. Lin)... ce ees 15
St. Jéréme, (St. Lin Junction to St. JérGme).. cesses ET
St. Eustache .....cscsessceccsceseceegeeces tees eeesteeeeeaeetesserars 8 Aylmer, (Hull to Aylmer).......... atteneensess heceneaateeeneeeenes 1 Brockville...ssecsscscceccesceesenee eeeeseees eauceaecesaeeuateeseenees 4514
Perth ....cccceccecccescceceeeececeesenece teterteceseasaqsaneseten enees 12° Algoma....cccecceeseeeeees © cececeenetseeeesisees ceesteessseesteueene 9434 Pembina (Emerson to Winnipeg)...... deseae crate esceaeees wee 64%
Colville Landing.........ccsceceescensseeesessenees caeanane sees “eae 2 Selkirk... .oecce ceceee ce cseeeeeteeeeenenee eeeees Leeee Geeeesneeeecnsees 22 _ Stonewall, (Air Line Junction to Stonewall).........0. den eaeees 1814 Pembina Mountain......-..seececseseceeeeeenseecteneeerenenseenes wee 102%
Gretna ........ veeesee na eecccecesnces secaereuncteaeertes eeeeeee nets 14 Emerson, West Lynt...cccsee seseeceereeee sesetesesaeeeescneeees » 61514
Total Main Line and Branches...... .ee+6+63:32714
The road-bed, bridges, rolling stock, and general equipment are ex- cellent, unsurpassed by any railway on the continent.
The total cost of construction is about $140,000,000 of which-sum over $30,000,000: is represented by the rolling stock, workshops, steamers, elevators, stations and other terminal facilities of the company. . The following table of comparative distance shows the great ad- vantages possesed by the Canadian Pacific Railway, over all competing
lines for the trans- continental and Asiatic traffic :
ry,
y
10 | Fram Orcan to Ocean TABLE OF COMPARATIVE DISTANCES.
MILEs.
Main Line—Montreal to Vancouver.’ All, Rail route... . 2,898 - From New York to Vancouv: er, via Brockville and Canadian .
Pacific Railway.. ...... se teeeeeee oe beak saeeeeeteee seeees seene 35158 ‘From New York to San Francisco, via Central and Union
Pacific Railways, and shortest connecting lines through
the United States 0... .- bebe eaeee cece eees ones eeseseeees eet 3133 From Liverpool. to Montreal.........-. been eeees bbensaeceeesrececs 31043 From Liverpool to Naw York............ 6. see eereres seeeeeeee eee From Liverpool to Vancouver, via Montreal’ and Canadian
Pacific Railway .....c.ccceeceeeeese evens Sete eseaeee teen eres sine SeQ4I From Liverpoo) to San Francisco, via shortest connecting. —
lines in the United States.........::2050 ccsesee cesses ener 6,762 From Liverpool to Yokohama (Japan), via Montreal and -
Canadian Pacific Ratlway.......ccsececeeees vesee sesaneeaeesIOy 977 From Liverpool to Yokohama (Japan), via New York and
San Francisco . .....cececeeesseceeeeee aoe be eeceeeeesenenetes vel 1,990
ro
3431
Canadian Paciftce Railway.
DIRECTORS:
. JS GEORGE STEPHEN, PRESIDENT, MONTREAT. : WM. C. VAN HORNE, VICE-PRESIDENT, MONTREAL!
RICHARD BR. ANGUS, Monrrear. CHARLES D.- ROSE, Loxpon. Hox, DONALD A. SMITH, Monrresn. BARON J. pe REINACIL Pants. JOHN TURNBULL, Monrreean RV. MARTINSEN, AMSTERDAM AND IW. STP.ABFORD NORTHCOTE, Lox pox, New York 0: PASCOR DU P. GRENFELL, Lonpon. WwW... sc OTT, Erte, Pa, USS. A.
CHARLES DRINKWATER, SECRETARY, MONTREAL, HENRY BEATTY, MANAGER Steamsure Lines, Toronto, J, M. EGAN, GEN'L Sup't, ARCHER BAKER, Gen’h Sup't, (WESTERN DIVISION), WINNIPEG. (BASTERN DIVISFON), MoNTREAL. WM. WHYTE, GEN’L Sup'r, (ONTARIO DIVISION), Toronto.
AGENTS OF TITE CoMPANY IN New York: J. KENNEDY TODD & Co., 63 WILLIAM STREET.
AGENTS OF THE COMPANY IN LONDON, ENGLAND : ‘
MORTON, ROSE & CO., BARTHOLOMEW LANE, E. C.
STATUTE!
By the Canadian Pacifie Railway. II
The Dominion of Canada,
HICH we are about to traverse from ocean to ocean, is a vast
region, 3.500 miles in extent from East to West, and r4oo miles: from North to-South, comprising about one-sixteenth of the land surface of the globe... It embraces the whole of British North America, except the Island of Newfoundland and the Peninsula of Labrador, containing an area of 3,470,392 square miles—nearly as large as the whole of’ “Europe-~-and consisting of the Provinces of Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, British Columbia, and the North-West Territories, comprising the districts of Keewatin, Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Athabasca.
The most prominent physical features of the Dominion are the: great chain of lakes which form the boundary line betiveen Canada and the: United States, and which, with the St. Lawrence River, afford more than 2,000 miles of inland water communication, the vast plains of the interior, and the Rocky and Cascade Ranges of Mountains of British Columbia.. Compared with the whole, the inhabited partof the Dominion is small, consisting mainly of a strip extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and North about a hundred miles from the international boundary line ; its population being about 4,324,000. The Dominion of Canada is a Confederation, in which each of the Provinces has its own Legislature, presided over by a Lieut.-Governor, appointed by the General Government. There is no established religion, and an excellent system of free schools are liberally supported by the Provincial Government. ‘The yearly exports of the Dominion, consisting chiefly of grain and Jumber, amount to about $100,000,000 ; annual revenue upwards of $30,000,000, from which subsidies are made to the
several Provinces, as follows :—
ONEATIO... ee ee lense ees pevaveeeeeseeeoeeees seeeeeeene seeeee $1,196,873 Quebec........scesceeeeeeeessneeeestrerseseases ceencesers 6 9591252 “New Brunswick. «.......0006 bese eeeeaecetetseees seneees 4271349 Nova Scotia.... ... cedececeneenenenaeenseceensees seennaes 405,082 British Columbia. :.......6++ secenees veg aceaeaceeeeescese 298,019 Prince Edward Island......:.-sceee erecees decane weve 153,288
. euaeroneeee 105,653
¢ $3.4551515
Montreal, Toronto, Quebec, Ottawa (the capital), Halifax, St. John’s, Winnipeg, and Victoria are the chief cities of the Dominion,
Manitoba ...ccccsesee-cencee connenencesense sane
12 From Occan to Ocean
HALIFAX.
Arrouce Quebec is at present the Eastern terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway, Halifax will be a for passengers and freight over this great highway, during that portion .of the year when ice closes the navigation of thd St. Lawrence River. For this reason we shall begin at this Atlantic’ Sea grt, and briefly describe the principal cities and towns along the entire $600 miles of road to Vancouver, on the. Pacific, and dwell sufficiently upon the topography, resources, and climates of the yast region it traverses, to enable the newcomer to form an intelliget~opinion concerning this most valuable and interesting portion of the New World. Nova Scotia, of which Halifax is the capital, contains an area of 20,907 square miles, a population of 440%572, and exports over $600,000 “worth of codfish, mackerel, and salmon, coal, gypsun, &c., valued at $1,000,000. Halifax, the capital, and next to Quebec, the strongest fortified city in the Dominion, is situated on one.of the best harbors in
'. Anjerica. It contains’ many fine public and private buildings, Her
. Majesty’s Dockyard, and is the Naval Station of the North American and West Indian fleets. From Halifax to Liverpool is only 2,480 miles, 500 miles less than’ from New York. Regular lines of steamships run to the principal European and American ports.
By the Canadian Pacific Rattwey. 13
G@bhe Intercolonial Railway of Canada, AND THE ; EASTERN EXTENSION, AND P. E. ISLAND SYSTEM,
Qs ED and operated by the Dominion Government, comprise 1,181 miles of road, of which 678 miles is embraced in the main line, from Halifax to Quebec. The whole is under the management of Collingwood Schreiber, Esq., Chief Engineer, and: Hon. John Pope, Acting Minister of Railways and Canals, Ottawa. The general offices are at Moncton, New Brunswick, and D. Pottinger, Esq is superin- tendent of the entire system. Those several lines traverse an extensive
.Sea-board, reaching all of the most popular watering places and summer resorts of the North Atlantic Coast
Game and fish abound in the’ region traversed. Cariboo, moose,
_ deer, bear, geese, duck, brant, trout, and the choicest shellfish.
Bedford, Pictou, New Glasgow, Amherst, Sackville, Dorchester, Shediac, Moncton, Sussex, St. John’s, Chatham, New Castle, Bathurst, Dalhousie, Campbelltown, Rivier du Loup, St. ‘Thomas, and Point Levis are the most. important cities and towns on this line. Railway makes close connection witlr the Royal Mail Steamers of the Allan Line at Halifax (fortnightly), for Newfoundland, Queenstown, and
Liverpool ; with Cunard Line (monthly) for Bermuda and Jamaica ; and .
at Quebec with Allan and Donaldson Clyde Lines for Glasgow, and Dominion.Line to and from Liverpool ; also for Prince Edward and Cape Breton Islands, and all connecting lines of railway.
‘The Intercoloniat
14 from Ocean to Occan
CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES ON MAIN LINE, " AND DISTANCES BETWEEN HALIFAX AND QUEBEC.
STATIONS. * STATIONS. Mis. STATIONS, Mis.
. Falifan ........e seeseceeves Four Mile House..
Weldford......... .20.8 295 | Sacre Carur....... 500 Bedford ........cce0e :
Kent Junction ... 234 | Bic.........
Windsor Junction... Rogersville .....ss. 245 | Sé. Fabla 516 Shubenacadle .. csccecces Barnaby River ........, 256 | St. Simon... 526 Truro. (Din. R’m)...... Chatham Junction .... 260 | Trois Pistoles (D. R)... 435 Belmont ...cc.c00 cercenaee Derby. ..ceccsescccntssseenss 263 | St. Eloi@ w.cceee cave
266 | Isle Verte . Beaver Brook .. 276) St. Arsene. Bartibogue ... woes 287} Cacouna........ Red Pine....... see 290 | Riv. du Loup... ...-
Gloucester .. 208 | Notre D. du Portage..°5 Bathurst. .... .. 813] St. Alexandre......... Petite Roche . 322 | St. ANAIre,.....ccesceces Belledune..,...... .. 830 | Ste. Helene.. Jacquet River... 830] St. Paschal...... New MINS ....... 348 | St. Phillippe d’Ner Charlo occ. seeeceese, 854 | Rivere Quelle. ..... Dalhousie Junction .., 364 | Ste. Anne., .....
Campbelton. (D. R)., .. 373 | St. Roche,
. Debert ...cc Neweastle .......
’ East Mines.. Londonderry.
~ Wentworth... di Westchester... “ Greenville... : Thomson.,, se eveeee Oxford... River Philip Salt Springs Spring Hill. Athol .... Maccan .
oteee
Nappansciccccccceccceceeee MOoffats. ....cce00s 6 379] Elgin Road ......0. Amherst. Din. I’m)... Metapedia........ 386} St. Jean Port Joli. Aulue.. Mill Stream ...... “396 | Trois Saumons .... Sackville... wees ecmametauaghan. ereee 407 | LISI Ob oo... ceecew wees Dorchester ., Causapseal .....c000. $21 | LiAnse a Gile... . Rockland.. Amqul...... 484 | Cap St. Ignace... Cedar Hall , 442 | St. Thomas...... 0.0 Painsee Junetion .. cane Saynbec...... 449 | St. Pierre .......
St. Moise... Tartague .... Little Metis...... St. Octave .....
456 | St. Francois...... +459 [ St. Valier .... . 169] St. Michel co... .....c08 473) St. Charles Junction.. Ste. Flavie , 478] Harlaka Junction....., | Ste. Luce... ABB | LEVIS... cccces cecessone scene CANBAN seesssecee we St.Anaclet & Ptr Pt, 191 | Point Levis
Coal Branch .., ae RIMOUSKI 0... 406 | Quebee (Ferry... } PaaS anna REO IOUESOR IR ;
Moncton (Din. R’m) A
Berry's ain -
Ly the Canadian Pacific Railway. 15
QUEBEC. eee UEBEC, the theatre of the most thrilling war events enacted in the Q New World, the strongest fortified city in America, the most- antique European and picturesque in appearance, occupies a magni- ficent situation on the left bank of the St. Lawrence River, 120 miles from its. mouth. Here the great navigator, Jacques Cartier, landed
three hundred and forty years ago, Champlain taking possession on |
behalf of the French Government, in 1608. .
Five times has the city been besi¢ged or threatened by invading armies, twice surrendered ; first in 1629 by Champlain to Sir David ‘Kirke, but soon restored to the French, and again to the English on the. 18th of September, 1769, after the memorable battle in which both commanders, Wolfe and Montcalm, -fell covered with military glory.
_ Six years later, the Americans under General Arnold made an unsuccessful assault upon this stronghold, ii which Montgomery was killed. But for a round century Quebec has enjoyed an uninterrupted peace, though suffering severely from: conflagrations.
In 1834, memorable as the cholera year, the Castle of St. Louis was destroyed. by fire ; in 1845 the whole of St. Roch ; in June of the same year the greater part of St. John’s. Again, in 1881, the latter suburbs and also those of Montcalm were more than half burned over. — ’ In 1846, a theatre and forty-five people were burned ; in 1853, the Parlia-
ment House ; its aggregate losses by fire amounting to over four million
dollars. ae = a Quebec was never laid out; it evidently grew up by~ natural . selection, along the original trails, having the most charmingly irregular aiid labyrinthian streets in America. It presents the best study of European architecture and manners tobe found in this country. ;
The business portion, and much of the residence, is built in massive ’ style of stone and brick, generally without any attempt at ornamentation,
though there are many fine imposing strictures. ~ Most of the objects-of..
greatest interest in Quebec are within casy walking distance for those ordinarily strong of limb and lung. The magnificent Dufferin-Durham — he globe, is reached
Terrace commanding one of the grandest views on t
1
a
16 from Ocean to Ocean —
by an incline elevator, two hundred féet in height. Here stands the Wolfe-Montcalm monument, the ruins of the Castle of St. Louis, and’ near at hand the English Cathedral, which occupies the ground where Cartier assembled his followers on their. first visit, in 1635.. The Citadel of Cape Diamond, the Strongest fortification on the continent,
_ open to visitors after half-past twelve each day, may next. be visited 5
then the Plains of Abraham, ‘the Towers, La Maison du Chien aOr. Market Square, the Basilica, the Battery, St. John’s Gate, the Ursuline — Convent. The Hotel Dieu Convent and Hospital, Government Build- ings and. churches -are all within a radius of one mile square. The environs of the city-embrace glorious landscapes and many points of
" great interest. The magnificent falls of Moiitmorency, over 200 feet-in
height, are six miles distant, the village of L’Ange Gardien (10 miles),
Chateau Richer (15 miles), the Shrine and Fall’of St. Anne (zo-miles), | -
Charlesbourg (4. miles), Chateau Bigot (7 miles), Lake Beaufort (8 miles), the Indian village of Lorette“(g miles), Lake, St. Charles (12
- miles), Lake Calvaire (12 miles), Point Levis and the forts opposite .
Quebec, the Chaudiere Falls near South Quebec, and many other places of interest lie within a day’s ride of Quebec,
a
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. ; - 17
MONTREAL. »
a rae ; ONTREAL, the chief commercial metropolis, and most populous city in the Dominion of Canada, is situated on Montreal Island,
at the confluence of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers, about 300
miles from the ocean. It is the principal entrepot, manufacturing ‘and
distributing centre in. Canada. :
Seven lines of railway —the Canadian Pacific, Grand Trunk, North Shore, Montreal, Portland and Bos‘on, Vermont Central, South- Eastern, Central.and Champlain —radiat: with their connections through
all parts of the contifent.
From May until Novembe:, the largest ocean steamers sail thence for London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Antwerp, Halifax, Boston and New
York. >. mo,
Montreal is well built, containing a large number of magnificent structures. of stone, brick and iron, among which the following deserve special notice: The Bank of Montreal, Parish Church of Notre Dame, Trinity Church, Post Office, the Church of Notre Dame de Lourdes, Church of the Gesu, Hotel Dieu, the Young Men’s Christian Associa- tion building, City Hall, Court House, Windsor Hotel, Bonsecour's Market, Christ Church, and Cathedral.
- Mount Royal Park Observatory commands a panorama of exceed- ing grandeur, containing the most gloriows landscapes of mountain, valley, river.and lake ; the Adirondacks of New York, Green Mountains of Vermont, the rivers and valleys of the St. Lawrence and Ottawa, the Lake of ‘wo Mountains and St.Louis, and the church spires of no- less than thirteen villages. "Mount Royal Cemetery adjoining, isa beau- tiful Protestant burial place. ae
Among other objects and places of interest may be mentioned the great Victoria Bridge over the St. Lawrence, 9,084 feet in length, com-
“pleted ‘in 1860, at a cost of over $6,000,000 ; Roman Catholic Cemetery,
Natural History Society’s Museum, Statue of Her. Majesty Queen
Victoria, Montreal Water Works, and Presbyterian College.
The city contains a population of about 150,000 souls. It is 180 miles from Quebec, 120 from Ottawa, and 333 from’ Toronto.
apea
8 From Occan to Occan
OTTAWA. -
TTAWA, the capital of the Dominion of Canada, is situated onthe ’ Ottawa River, 120 miles from Montreal, 228 miles from Toronto,
‘and 120 miles from Kingston. It occupies a central position amidst the greatest natural resources of the Province, and is the most important — . -
lumber manufacturing city in the’ Dominion. The Ottawa River, a
‘large stream, is navigable for over four hundred miles, and without © -
interruption from Ottawa to the sea. By the construction of locks at the
_. falls and rapids of the upper river, and the improvement of the Mattawa ~ and French rivers, there would be continuous navigation from the Capital ° Westward through all the great lakes. The city was founded.in 1827, and -
incorporated with ten thousand inhabitants in 1854.. It now contains a population of thirty thousand, with an assessed valuation of 812,000,000. The magnificent Government Buildings, erected ata cost of over five million dollars, are justly the pride of the Dominion. - The Parliament Library is the most complete and perfect in all its appointments in America. The Senate Chamber, House. of Commons, Patent Office, Geological Museum, and Fisheries Exhibit richly repay a visit. The dome of the Parliament Building commands extensive and most magni-
‘ficent views of the Ottawa River, the beautiful suburban villages, the.
Falls of Chaudiere, Suspension Bridge, and. the. distant Laurentian Mountains. .Ottawa, so charming ‘in itself, is also the point of departure
over many of the most interesting tourist’s and health seeker’s routes in
the-Province. The Ottawa River, from its source to the St. Lawrence, affords a succession of splendid views, wild and picturesque, embracing foaming cataracts and rapids, beautiful lakes, green islands, wooded
. banks and valley landscape, of exceeding beauty. The country, drained
by the head waters of the Ottawa, abounds with cariboo, moose, Virginia deer, bear and grouse, the lakes with white fish, pickerel, black bass, perch, and the streams with trout. ‘There are ‘several medicinal
-mineral springs within twelves: miles. Rideau Hall, the residence. of
the Governor-General, occupies a finely wadded park of 8o'acres in the
- suburban village of New Edinburgh. The Post Office, City Hall,
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 1g
Court House, Russell House, Grand Union, Stadacona. Hall, French- Canadian Institute are all fine massive blocks of brick and stone. . Its churches, several of which are very fine, have cost over half a million dollars. The city has a good water supply, excellent draiffage, and electric lights. ‘The Canadian Pacific, the Canada Atlantic, the St.’
-’ Lawrence and Ottawa, the Toronto and Quebec Railways, ‘and the
Ottawa River Navigation Company afford direct, casy and rapid transit
to and from all parts of the continent.
20. oo Fyam Ocean to Occan
wt
TORONTO. ae eaneee ann eee ae ORONTO, the capital of. the Province of Ontario, and the ‘second ” Jargest city im the Dominion, is finely situated on a sheltered har-
bor on the shore of Lake Ontario, 333 miles from Montreal and 228
_ © miles from Ottawa. .The city was founded by General-Simcoe in 1795) ..: and incorporated with g,000 souls in 1834. . The last censts shows a — population of 127,900,.or an increase of 1,270 per cent. during a period of fifty years, and:an assessed valuation of & $70,000,000,
. Commanding the trade of an extensive aréa of the richest part of the Dominion, already a great railway centre, with superior advantages’
’ for exportation, and manufacture, there is every reason to expect that . Toronto will continue to augment in population and business for many: years to come. :
The city is regularly laid out; well built, and distinguished: for the
“number and excellence of its churches and educational institutions. Ascending to the top of St: James Cathedral spire, I was-not much sur- prised when the janitor told: me that it was 19 feet, higher than any in. America, and overtopped 7o feet, the next -tgMest. church. in the!
“Dominion being 319 feet above the pavement. # This’ church, contains: also the largest clock in the country, including ‘a chime of magnificent bells. Its enterprising citizens. are about building a million dollar City ‘Hall and Court House, and the Provincial Government contemplate
spending an equal sum in the erection of Parliament Buildings... — ‘
The city is provided with all the concomitants of the most progressive city of pur times ; a free public library with 35,000 volumes,
. Grand Opera House and Music Hall, Museum, Public Parks, thirteen general Banking Houses, five daily and 22 weekly newspapers. The manufacture of agricultural implements is one of. its most impoxigat-
. Industries. The Canadian Pacific Railway, Grand Trunk, North and ‘North-Western, the Credit Valley and the [. G. and B. line, and lake steamers ‘meet every possible requirement for direct and rapid com-" munication with all parts of America and the world. .
v
‘seven lakes with rapids. between. ‘and a Hudson Bay Post 0}
\
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. ; 21
S01 om Aloutecal to ort Actlyar, NINE HUNDRED AND NINETY MILES. cnn
URING the summer month? the t traveller by the Canadian Pacific Railway has the choice :of-4wa-routes between Montreal: and Port
Arthur. One by rail v/a Toronto, 450 miles to. Owen’ Sound, and
thence by the splendid Clyde built stcel steamships of the company, the Algoma, Alberta,-and Athabasca, soo miles through Lakes Huron and Superior to Thunder Bay ; and the other, an all rail line v/a Ottawa,
"and along the North Shore of the Great Inland Sea.
The latter route follows -up-the Ottawa River to Mattawa, .skirts
the north shore of Lake Nipissing, traverses the water shed drained by
the streams flowing into Hudson’ Bay, reaches the summit at Birch
' Lake and follows down the valley of the White River, which flows
therefrom 65 miles to the Pic River; and from thence mins nearly the
~. entire distance to Port Arthur, 195 ‘miles along the shore of Lake ‘Superior. Although the. highest elevations reached are only, about
7,500 feet above the Lake, this route affords many of the grandest views in the New. World. From. Pic Westward occurs-the w onderful
stretch of road cut through the solid mountain, in places - ‘nearly one -
hundred -feet deep, then running through long tunnels, over great bridges, and winding around at the base of high overhanging granite cliffs. ‘The country along this portion of the route is mainly rocky and
covered’ with a forest of pine, tamarac, birch and poplar, when Rot On the shore of the Lakes, and on Indian and -
_ other rivers, there is a considerable quantity of marketable timber.
denuded by forest fires.
_ The road ‘crosses the famoys trout stream Nipigon, 67 ‘miles from
Port Arthur, within sight of the old Hudson Bay Post of Red Rock.
The Nipigon River rises in a Lake of the same name, commencing 27 miles North’ and extending for about zo miles, being ‘over 50 miles
wide, and in. places goo feet deep. There are 560 Chippewa Indians
s shores. _
‘It discharges through a chain of —
to t
From Ocean to Ocean
Mr. Flanagan, the agent at Red Rock Hudson Bay Post, showed me a register containing the names of parties who hava,,esorted here to enjoy its unequalled. trout fishing, the Earl and Countess of Dufferin heading the list, August 3 3rd, 1874. They also recorded the number. “and weight of trout caught, which showed a remark- ably high average, the fish ranging from 2 to’ 6 Ibs.,a 614 pounder being credited to John M. Beckwith, Bishop of Georgia. wy
LAKE SUPERIOR SECTION. Names of Btations Yetween Diswtasing and Port Arthur, and their Distances from Montreal.
Milage ¥ from Montreal.
NAME.
Biscotasing ... Duchesnay. Raniscy...... Larchwood ... Woman River Winnebago .. Ridout.......... Kinogama.. Nemegosendn... Lac Poulin...... .... Chapleau, Division Yard
wey co ot
Windermere.. Boleckow Dalton,, Carry...... Missanabic. Turnbull ... Otter....... Willams Grassett Girdwood Amyot . O'Brien......... . White River, Division Yard Denison |. Bremner...
- Milage from Montreal. 768.8
NAME,
OuUIMet.... eee eecenee ta se peeenes seeeetees Trudeau......... Montizambert Melgund.. : Heron Bay .. Peninsuls.... Stewart
Middleton Steel Lake. Jackfish,..
904.0 | 914.0 922.0
Mazokama <i. Fire Hill..... Nepigon Red Hock ......
Sturgeon River Wolf River
Pearl Siding. MeVicar’s Loon Lake MeKenzie’s
943.0 951.0 958.0 61.0 969.0 982.0 990.0 990.0
ONE OF TIE THREE MAGNIFICENT New CLYDE STEAMSHIPS OF THE CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY, . : re . : . | RUNNING BETWEEN Port ARTHUR AND OWEN Sounn.
* . aan -
4 .
24 _ From Ocean to Ocean”
PORT ARTHUR.
HE Lake Superior terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railway occupies 2 magnificent situation upon the West shore of ‘Thunder Bay, 996 miles. from Montreal, 429 from Winnipeg, and 180 miles North of Duluth. Thunder Bay is a fine harbor, eighteen miles in length and thirteen milés wide, well protected from storms by the off-lying Pic, Welcome, Royal Islands, Thunder Cape, and a Government break- water,- The town rises gradually from the lake shore, over smooth rolling. hills lightly wooded with pine, poplar and birch, their summits at elevation from two to three hundred feet, commanding grand views of the harbor islands and the bold face of Mount McKay, which rises almost per- pendicular twelve hundred feet above the picturesque Kaministiquia River. The drainage is excellent, and water good and abundant. The site was first occupied in 1860, forming the base of supplies for the opening. of the Dawson Red River trail, over which, by many numerous and difficult portages, General Wolseley led his victorious army, for the
suppression of the Red River rebellion, in 1870. Here, in. 1875, was
also commenced the construction of the Port Arthur and Winnipeg Division of the Canadian Pacific Railway, thus inaugurating the most stupendous undertaking: in railway building the world has ever seen. In 1882, the place contained a population of about 1600, which aug-
“mented so rapidly that, two years later, Port Arthur became an incor-
corporated city of 5,000 souls, Thomas Marks, Esq., being its first _ Mayor.
. Besides the e extensive railway, ‘Government and private docks and wharves, the~ Northern Hotel, City Hall, Anglican and Presbyterian Churches, C. P. R. Railway depot and elevator, and Marks & Co's trading house, are the most conspicuous improvements. The Canadian Pacific Railway have just completed a new elevator, on the Kaministi- quia River, near.the'old Hudson Bay Post, Fort William, having a capacity of one million bushels’ The Northern is a magnificent hotel establishment ‘of palatial proportions,- and accommodations throughout, fronting immediately on the Bay, and central to the incomparable health and pleasure resorts of this region. A fléet
. ¢ - 4 ta: wee ¢
25 from Océan 16° Ocean
of over twenty stgam vessels run regularly between Port Arthur, Owen Sound, Collingwood, Sarnia, Duluth, and the numerous intermediate points. The new. steel st ‘eamships Arthabasca, Alberta, and Algoma,
each 262-fe2t' long, 38 feet wide, with a- tonaze of 1789 tons, built on’
~ the. Cly de in 1883 expressly for the C. P. R. lake service, rank with the finest ships afloat, being strong, powerful, and first-class in all their appointments. The Collingwood and Lake Superior line comprising the fine iron steamers Campana, tge City of Owen Sound, and Francis Smith, run between Duluth, Pgft Arthur, and Collingwood, touching at Nepigon, McKay Harbor, Jack Fish Bay, Peninstla Harbor, Herron Bay, Michipacoten Island, and River Sault St. Marie, Gordon River, Bruce Mines, Little Current, Kilkarnie, Owen Sound, and_Meaford,
poking the round trip in about ten days; the fares being, $17.50 and
S11. The Marks line comprising’ the passenger’ steamer E. M. Foster, runs between Port Arthur, Herron Bay, and intermediate points. The City of Montreal, a freight boat, runs according to consignments ;
1
the steam tug Sligo and Midland River, and the fine new.-ferry. and-ex--- - ‘cursion steamer-Kakabeka, which plies several times daily bettveen Port .
-- Arthur, Fort Wiiliam, and Point Meuron, all on the Kaministiquia River, from six to twelve miles distant. Smith & Mitchel, contracting butchers for the C. P. R., own the steamboat Butcher Boy, which runs from Port Arthur to Ow en Sound and Meaford, and the Butcher Maid, used for irregular service, excursion parties, etc. Graham Horn & Co. own the freight and passenger steamers Ocean and Prussia, and the steam barge Kincardine, with varying routes. The Western Express ‘Line
Co., of four steamers—the Myles, St: Magnus, Arcadia, and Canada-— - carrying passengers and freight, make regular trips between Montreal -
and Duluth, connecting with Port Arthur boats: The steamer R. G. Stewart makes regular trips every Tuesday and Friday between Port Arthur and Duluth, touching at Susie Island (40 miles), Pidgeon River (40 miles), Grand Portage (45 miles), Grand Mary’s (70 miles); Beacon Bay(146 miles), and Agate Bay (156 miles). “Fare, $6 and $3. __. I am indebted to. Captain Tripp, of Port Arthur, one of “the ‘pioneer ship masters of this greatest of inland. seas, for much informa- tion concerning.steamer service thereon. Port Arthur is the most attractive and central point for tourists, health seekers, and sportsmen visiting this region. Frequent excursions - are made up the charming Kaministiquia Rivet, twelve miles to Point ' Meuron, to Kakabeka Falls, twelve miles beyond, through the Victoria Island Channel to Pigeon River and Falls, at-the international boundary
* - By the Canadian Pacifie Railway. 27
line, @ round trip of 80 miles; to Washington Harbor, around Isle Royal, about ‘150 miles, and to Nepigon River, the famous trout stream» 95 miles.by water and 67 by rail. Here a party recently caught 18 red speckled trout, weighing respectively as follows:—r1st 3 lbs., 2nd 4, 3rd 2/4, ath 3, sth 434, 6th 334, 7th 414, 8th 214, gth 334, roth 3, rth 345; 12th 334, 13th 31%, r4th 214, 15th 334, 16th. 2, 17th 2%, 18th 2. "On the 4th July, 1883, T. H. Rockwell, Esq., with W. C. Egan and party, caught.in 40 minutes 5 speckled trout, w eighing 5 Ibs. “y 6 Ibs., 5 Ibs., 534 lbs., and 434 Ibs. respectively.
Carp atid McKenzie Riv ers, 12 miles from Port Arthur, and’ ‘Blind River on ‘Thunder Bay, 25 miles distant, are also excellent trout streamé... . Mr. F.S. Wiley, Manager of the-Northern, and party, recently caught 50° .- Speckled trout in three to four hours, on the latter stream; weighing . ; from three to four pounds each. mo
Grouse are numerous in the vicinity, and Cariboo found, WwW ithin : twelve to fifteen miles. 2 : s - The climate of Port Arthur-is one of its greatest attractions, gener ally deliciously cool and invigorating during the summer months, with a’ magnificent fall, prolonged to the middle of November, ‘the winters: being cold but temperature uniform, dry and enjoyable.
28 From Ocean to Ocean
oP
THE SILVER, GOLD, —
Other M lines of gake Superior:
THIS region abounds in deposits of precious minerals, now made -accessable by the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway.
‘In proportion to the prospecting done, and the developments made no . field offers greater.inducements for the mining capitalist and prospector. Silver Islet, 20 miles from PortArthur, has yielded $3,000,000 since its _ discovery, in 1869. A vein at first just visible above water, in-a low ledge, 95 feet in length, a shaft has been.sunk, 1260 feet beneath the ‘Lake Superior. The Huronian gold and silver mine, 100-miles West of Port Arthur, discovered in 1883, is working 50.men and.a ten-stamp mill. The vein is five feet wide, and the shaft now down 150 feet. This
mine produces sylvanite, the rarest of known minerals, composed’ of
gold, silver and tellurium, essays from which have yielded $6,000 per ton.
The Rabbit Mountain silver mine,.25 milés from Port Arthur, dis- . covered in 1882, is working a vein from five.to. ten feet in width, from
which $2,500 worth of high grade ore has been shipped. to Newark,
New Jersey. A shaft has been sunk r4o feet, and there is now, 2,000 tons of ore on the dump. Nuggets of. silver weighing ten pounds have been found in this-mine. _ The Silver Mountain mine, discovered in 1884, and developments commenced in 1885, contains a three feet vein of very rich native and black silver. It is situated 17 miles West of Port: Arthur... - , sO
The Beaver Mine, discovered in 1883, is situated about two miles from the Rabbit Mountain. The vein,'a strong, true fissure cut in a _ bluff 300 feet high, has been tunnelled 250 feet, yielding a large quantity - of both high and~tow grade ores, easily worked, Three miles from ~ Rabbit Mountain, the Twin city silver mine has been opened, exposing a high grade of smelting and white vein stone stamip rock. Adjoining Twin city, the Silver Creek mine, upon which work was first commenced
fy the Canadian Pacifi te Railway. i 29
in n 1885, is already producing both pétive and black, silver in paying quantities. The Zenith Zinc mine, situated ‘North. East of Nepigon Bay,
contains-a very extensive and solid massive deposit of zing: -blende,.
yielding 50 per cent. of metalic zinc. Work was commenced upon the mine in 1884, and large quantities of zinc are now in the dump.
Port Arthur will be the principal out-fitting point and base of supplies ;
for all this extensive and rich mineral Tegion, and may reasobally expect to derive a large trade therefrom’ in the near future. -
I am under obligation to Mr. Keefer, Barrister, MEX LL.B., of Port “Arthur, for the valuable data respecting the important mineral
discoveries herein noted. -
©
“30 From Ocean to Ocean
‘MANITOBA.
ALAS a9
ALE [pavnse Lake Superior, we enter Manitoba, the fifth in the great
tier of Provinces, from the Atlantic Westward, comprising the Dominion of Canada. It comprises’ an area of 123,200 square miles,
being five hundred miles from East to West, and. 280 miles from North-.
_ to.South, Before becoming a Province in 1870, it was occupied almost exclusively by Indians, French and English half-breeds, but since the
Confederation white settlers have’ poured in, until now its population " exceeds 65,000. It.embraces the greatest extent of fertile prairie lands in one body, adapted to both agricultural and grazing, on the face ‘of. the ‘globe. It is well watered by the great rivers of the North-West, the Saskatchewan, Assinaboine, Red, and their- tributaries, and numerous | _. Lakes, of which Manitoba Lake, the largest, i§ over 100 miles in’ length. The Saskatchewan is navigable a thousand miles to Edmonton, _-the Assinaboine 600 miles to Fort Ellis, and the Red River 400° miles to Fargo. These distances follow the course of the streams. Lake Winnipeg, over 300 miles in length and about 80 miles wide, lies partly in Manitoba,’ The great natural products of this region are
" wheat, cattle, butter and cheese. The average yield-of wheat is greater.
than in any other part of America. It is the best pasture land in North .
America.
The climate is the most healthful in the Dominion, the winter -
_.severe but dry, uniform, sunny and enjoyable; snowfall light; and
rainfall: sufficient. Spring opens early, and crops are as sure as in any
portion of the country. All. vegetable and ‘small fruits commonly —
grown in the North temperate zone flourish here. Winnipeg is the _ ' capital of Manitoba, the residence of the Lieut.-Governor, seat of learning, and centre of all, her most important interests.
‘Linkooping...... 65
.
ITIES, TOWNS “AND VILLAGES: ON THE WESTERN. DIVISION,
* From Porr Atritun. ro isp CrossixG oF CoLUMBIA, 1162 MILES,
WITH DISTANCES BETWEEN STATIONS.
SraTiIons. Mis. Srations. Mis. STATIONS. MIs, Shelly........ peneee Bes Broadview ,..... GYS| Welsh............ 1057 Monmouth 388) Oakshely cee Irvine .. . 1067 393[Grenfell.. . Dunmore, 3. 1080 Summerberty 715] Medicine Hat.. 1089 108] Wolseley ........ 725) Stair .. . 1097
senses wwe ALA sintatuta.... we TL Bowell... 1104 Bird’s HHI 421| Indian Head 7al/Suffield. « LLG Winnipeg .. 429; Qu’Appelle .. 793|Langevin........ 1124 es 1133
STATIONS. Mis,
Port Arthur... 0 Fort Willlam...
Kaministiquia. 28 Finmark ......... 37 Buda...... 44 Nordiand......... 0 35
© SaAVANNC ....... 76) Bergen .... 436) McLean. .. 761) Kininvie.. . Upsala .... 86|Rosser.. 444 Balgonic ...... 770/Tilley .. » 1142 Carlstadt. 94/Meadows.,......... 451]Pilot Butte .. 777| Bantry . 1152
| Faleon’t..e. 15
~ Ostersund .. ~Kalmar.. ,
. St. Boniface .,.... 3] Dominion City... 36°|] La Salle ..
2 TL62 ; PUM HAD
. 11881 Le
1195%
1206
1214
t Bridge River ... 104 English River... 116 Martin ww... 124 Bonheur i... 194
Marquette. . $58) Regina.......... 785] Cassils.. Reaburn ,........ 464/Grand Coulee... 795/Southesk .. Poplar Point ... 470! Pense 2}Lathom .. High Blur ...... 478]/Belle Plaine ..... 810/Bassano ..... Portage ln Pre @. 485] Pasqua........6. SIN/Créwfoot . Burnside .. 3) Moose Jaw §27/Cluny .. Bagot so... Boharnt... Gleichen.. 3)Namaka..
Tenace ........00. 152 Butler... . Lov
Raleigh 170) MacGregor Caron..... 1223 _ Tache.... 180] Austin ......% Mortlach 52]/Strathmore 1230 - Brule ...... : 190 ; 2) Parkbeg...... Cheadle ... 1238
Wagtboon ic70... 20215 . Seeretan .. 2|Langdon.. 1248
Barelay .. 209|Carberry ........ 535|Chaplin,, Shepard ..
Oxdrifti........... 221] Sewell ...... StErnfold . e Calgary.
Eagle River ..,.. 231) Dougins Morse...c00 ace 900] Keith ...
Chater ....3.66 7 (Herbert... §09|Cochrane . Brandon ... 5§2/Rush Lake ...... 918} Radnor, Kemnay ... 70| Waldeck ......05 925| Morley. Alexander... 578|Aikins .. ve 933) KRananae Griswold. 587 [Swift Current. . 940] The Gap... Oak Lake, 595! Leven..es. *948)Canmore . Virden .... 609| Goose Take. . 38) Duthil... Hargrave .. 617/Antelope .. 7|Bantf., Elkhorn..... -626/Gull Lake . 5|Castle Mount'n "1355 640/Cypress .... 4|Silver City... PAGt .. 648)Sidewood « Eldon,..... J : Red Jacket..... . 656) Crane Lake. Laggan: 135-4 - tt Wapella......... G64]Colley .... .. 1015/Stephen (Sum \ 1390.
Burrows ..... 72)Maple Creck ... 1026 mit R. Mts.)
Whitewood s{Kinearth ........°1030/ First Cross’g, } 1162
Perceval ... 5| Forres... .. 1044] ColumblaR.
WINNIPEG 70 ST, VINCENT, “WINWIZEG TO MANITOU.
(Intemational Boundary.)
Winnipeg.......... 0 | Dufrost...cceseeres 40 || Winnipeg....rsoe OF Gretna cscce ccveee
Win . 2 vessereerses 48 |} St. James... Plum Coulee..... 76 Joniies wo 3] Domini Morden vcs BL
. 80| Thornhill ..
Vermilion Bay. 241 Gilbert ......6...... 249 Parrywood ...... 256 Summit... » 265 Hawk Lake’...., 272 Rossland ......... 289 Rat Portage «.... 297 Keewatin ..
Ingolf...... Cross Luke Telford .. ose
St. Norbert ...... 12) Emerson ......... 66 || Osborne. Niverville ........ 24|St. Vincent ...... 63 }] Morris ..
Otterburne......,. 31 : Rosenfeld. ». 56] Manitou. ...0....102 WINNIPEG 70 W. SELEIRE. || . WINNIPEG TO STONEWALL.
Stony Mount’n, 13
Winnipeg .....0 ! Stonewall ....... 20
Wi D sesvesere ae 0 , Vinnipeg ‘ aa | Air Line Je.....
West Selkirk ;.
Per errTirr eerie
WINNIPES TO MARYLAND.
MICINZICY..sc10 eeseveree Ld EI]Mcrook os...ceee o Ataebiel . 27) Maryland... ane
ee wee
Winnlper voce 0 Murray. Park....co.ee. 7 | StarbUCK «ere vee ee
With an average width of 30 miles, contain
oo
32 from Ocean to Occan *, LAKE OF THE? WOODS Rat Portage. :
T is an outrage upon nature and the people who dwell in, and resort to this charming place, to’ call it by such a name, for there is no - situation between Lake Superiorand the Rocky Mountains which pos- sesses half the glorious beauties of landscape, or advantages of a. per- fect climate, excellenée of. water, and purity of atmosphere combined, © as does Rat P ge. Itis picturesquely ‘situated on. the Lake of the
Woods; wonderfully interesting ‘body of water, over. 80 miles long,
islands and islets, and abounding with pike, white fish, pickerel, and water-fowl, affording the most delightful resort for tourists, health seek- ers, and sportsmen in this whole region. ‘All:through the summer months, when the heat of the jnterior towns and cites frequently becomes. oppressively hot, here it is deliciously cool and invigorating, and free from dust or other annoyance. _ Rainy River, a broad stream rising in. Rainy Lake, both forming 200 miles. of the international boundary between. Canada and the United States, flows into the South-Eastern portion of Lake of the Woods. Together they are navigable for steam- ers a distance of 160 miles, to Fort Francis, on Rainy. River, the route being one of exceeding interest. _ This region was once inhabited: by that mysterious race. known as the Mound Builders, whose great earth mounds are still: visible on these waters. . 7 ——
-'» Mr. Geo. Creighton, who has resided ‘Seven yeats in the Rainy
_ River Valley, says it contains a considerable quantity of good agricult-. ural and grazing lands still open to settlement. . An agent of the Hud-
ng thousands’ of green clad.
son Bay Company recently discovered, buried in a cave, a large quantity. ~~
~. of Indiain ‘rélics, ‘medicine charms, and pieces of birch bark covered
‘with figures of men, animals, and strange hyeroglyphics. ©
The Lake of the Woods discharges into Lake Winnipeg through ..
- Winnipeg river, rushing in a tremendous voltime and loud roar over two
lene
"ere est!
t
By the Canadian P ncific fe Raiteay.
33 rere]
falls, called the First and Second, both within half amile of Rat Port- _
aye. The two outlets upon which they occur are spanned by fine iron railway bridgos;-the second affording a perfect.xiew of the principal
a eatntdt, which -plunges, boils and roars directly underneath. Rat
Portage, now : ‘containing a population” of about 500, is, an important lumbering point, and central to a promising mineral district, in which are located, Keewatin,, Argyle, Manitoba, Consolidated, and Pine Port- age gold mines, and the Falcon Island mica mine.
Health seekers, tourists, and sportsmen will find good accommoda-
‘tions at the Rideout House, and pleasure boats opposite.
“34 From Occan to Ocean
~~ THES
aloud Builder Us of Ganana.
ne eee _——
ANITOBA contains, so far as known, the extreme Northern re-
mains of that pre- -historic race which once. inhabited the great valleys of North America, and. concerning ‘whose origin we have so | little knowledge, that they are called the Mound Builders, from the. | numerous earth-monuments, supposed to have been erected both for purposes of burial and observation, which mark the course of. their settlement and.semi-civilization.
Occupying vallevs subject to overflow, these great mounds, many of which were over fifty feet in height, and from one to eight hundred feet in diameter, may also have served as places of sdfe rendezvous in times
. of flood. They would, likewise, have afforded protection from prairie fires and attacks from their'enemies. ‘The traditions among the Indians of thé occupation of their country, in former ages, by a superior race ;, the abandoned copper, mines, , with implements for working, discovered in the Lake Superior region ; the evidences of mechanical skill shown
- - by the’articles of pottery and copper found in their mounds, support the conclusion that these people were the last survivors of the Toltec race, whom the Aztecs of Mexico, when conquered by the Spaniards in “the sixteenth century, said they had exterminated and driven out of that region in the latter part of the twelfth century. . - The principal: “ Mounds” discovered in Manitoba are situated along the lower Red River, between Winnipeg and its mouth, and on Rainy River. Prof. Geo. Bryce, President of Winnipeg _ Historical -——-—~Society, reports over twenty on the latter stream, one of which is 45 a feet in height and 325 feet in circumference. “The Professor’s excava- tions thereon were rewardéd by finding very interesting specimens of pottery, implements of copper, stone, bone, and shell ornaments, &c., filly described in his valuable contributions, entitled, “ The: Mound Builders,” published in pamphlet form in 1 1885.
i
By the Canadian Pacifié Railwey.
Ga tn
—-
re WINNIPEG,
yok oo HE Capital of Manitoba, and commercial metropolis of the Great
North West, is situated at the junction of the Red and Assinaboine Rivers, 429 miles West of Port Arthur, 839 miles East of Calgary, at the base of the Rocky Mountains, and 868 miles North from the international boundary line. ‘The site. was selected by the Hudson Bay Company for a trading post—Fort Garry, built and continuously occupied by itand a’small-settlement of half-breeds down to 1870. - 4
. This first landmark of civilization in the New North-West, and also of additional historical interest. as having been the head quarters of Riel during the Red_ River Rebellion of 1870, is now in ruins ; but the - Hudson Bay Company have erected near by a large, splendid ‘stock of brick and stone, now filled with the largest and best stock of general goods West of the Mississippi River, a fitting monument to their ok , enterprise, and the dawn of a new era of development. Upon the approach of the Canadian Pacitic Railway, the place suddenly entered upon a career of growth unparalleled in the Dominion of Canada. In 1874, Winnipeg was incorporated as a city, with a population of about. 4,000, and an assessed valuation of 82,076,015. Six years later her census showed an increase of over foo percent; or 2 20,000 people, and real estate Valued ‘at over $25,c00,600. _ ILer im- \ provements are.of a ‘substantial character, compgping fine Government ‘Buildings, the Governor's residence, Parliament House, Post Office, three large and elegant Educational: Institutions, several Churches, and
_umierous wholesale and ref! houses, all well built with handsome brick and stone. ‘
The hotel accommodations’ a are ample and good.
The Princess, Opera House is a very creditable structure, with a seating capacity fors1 300.
The city. is*provided with gas, électric lights, telegraph, telephone,
. fire alarms, excellent livery, and all the concomitants of our best civiliza- tion., Main Street, the principal thoroughfare, a ‘winding avenue 139 feet in width and two miles long, is now being well paved with wood. Two. iron bridges, each about a thousand feet in length, span the Red River, and | one the Assinaboine. The mantfacturing industries of the city embrace
\
2
. . -¢t
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY AND GENERAL OFFICES, WINNIPEG.
/ © By the Canadian Pacific Raitway. 34
three flouring mills, with a daily capacity of 1300 barrels ; three saw mills, capable of cutting 30,000, 'doo feet of lumber annually ; ; three fotindries, ‘fwé steam furniture factories, and several printing estab- lishments. There are sev eral daily and weekly papers, conducted with ability and enterprise, an Historical Society, and the usual orders and entertainments for instruction and amusement.
‘Winnipeg is not only the centre of five lines of railroad, radiating in all directions over 100,000 square miles of territory, but also the head- -quarters of,.2 system of over 3,000 miles of river and lake navigation,
during thé $ summer months.
Considering the vast habitable region, for’which it is the most natural entrepot of wholesale supply, there is no doubt in my mind but that Winnipeg is only in the infancy of her growth, and that she will eventually become one of the largest cities of the New World.
38 : From Ocean to Occan
The WMonitaba Brayelyes
Cc. P. R.
ae.
snes is the central point on the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, from which already diverge five branch roads, ext ending from twenty to one hundred miles, as follows: ‘The Emerson division, running South along the East bank of the Red River, 66 miles to Emerson, at the international boundary line, where it connects with the Manitoba Railway, through to St. Paul. ; a
St. Boniface, the flourishing French settlement opposite Winnipeg ; Dominion City, (56 miles); and Emerson are the:principal towns upon third: inch. The Pembina,Mountain section runs South on the West side of the Red River, 56 thiles to Rosenfeld Junction, and then a Westerly course, 66 miles to Manitou. This line is being built 70 miles farther the present season. It passes through a magnificent farming and grazing region, already well settled, and producing large crops of wheat, the fields of which looked very promising. From Rosenfeld Junction a branch runs 14 miles to. Gretna, near the boundary, where connection is made with St. P. M. and M. R. R., and all points in the United States. Morris, 43 miles, population 500; Morden, 81 imiles, population 300, and Manitou, 102 miles, population 250, are the most Important places upon this section. South and West from Rosenfeld
' Junction are large and flourishing Menonite settlements, whose thatched ____.
roofed villages, and quaint customs ‘and manners are of much interest. Atthe Morden. House, Morden, W. McKay, proprietor, where the trains” stop for meals, I ate a dinner so much superior to any previously fur- nished me for fifty cents, that I was not a little surprised to receive back from the landlord fifteen cents, when I tendered him the former sum, which is the uniform charge throughout this region.
The South-Western branch runs at present 50 miles through a , very rich country, Murray Park, Headingly, Starbuck, and Maryland being the largest settlements upon it..
FY the Canadian Pacific Railway. . 39
- Phe West Selkirk division runs North 23 miles. on the West side
__ of the Red ‘River, to the town of that name. Kildonan (six miles), —parkdale (twelve miles), Victoria Park (sixteen miles), Lower Fort Gatry (ninetezn miles), are pleasant and flourishing towns qn this line. The Stonewall section, now-operated nineteen niiles North, ‘West, to the town of that name, originally formed a portion of the main line of the
C. P. Railway Westward f-om Winnipeg, but which was abandoned for the present more direct route. ‘It traverses a rich and beautiful country, excellently adapted for wheat growing, grazing, and dairying. At Stoney Mountain (13 miles), and also at Stonewall, there are extensive deposits
of limestone-of superior quality, thousands of tons of which have been
, used for bridge building by the C. P. R. Company. Stonewall is one- of the. cleanest, handsomest villages in the Dominion, “with the best water in the Province. About sixteen miles beyond lies Shoal Lake, Robinson’s charming summer resort. Parties ex route will find good
hotel accommodation at the Canada: Pacific Hotel, Isaac Riley, pro-- prietor, and livery at Joseph Tottle’s stables opposite. a
40 From Oc0ean to Ocean . . y
_
PORTAGE LA PRAIRIE,
IFT Y-SIX miles West of Winnipeg, on the left bank of the Assina-
boine River, is a promising town of about 3,000 inhabitants. From Malcomb Cumming, Esq., who was born near the town site in 1822, and who has resided there continuously since 1858, I obtained an interesting description of its early settlement and subsequent growth. It derives its name.from being situated on the prairie, over which, in former times, freight was portaged by men, from the Assinaboine River,
’ twelve miles to Portage Creek, ez route Northward. Frior to 1850, the
native Indian tribes were the sole occupants of this region. “In the two succeeding years, about thirty English and other half-breeds removed from St. Andrews. In 1854, Archdeacon Cochrane purchased Jands
from the Salteaux Indians, and established a Catholic mission, building
“a
a residence and windmill in the following year, when he was joined by the first white settler, Mr. John Garioch.
Six years later, the Hudson Bay Company, the pioneer traders of the New World, established a depot of supplies for the new settlement. In 1875, the North-West Navigation Company succeeded the hitherto” slow and expensive flat-boat and ox-cart transportation by running the steamer Prince Rupert up the Assinaboine River, to the Portage, giving
_quite an impetus to immigration, the population more than doubling
during the succeeding five years, being about 800 in. 1881. © The Cana- dian Pacific Railway reached the -placein 1882, when it rapidly grew to its present proportions ; - and, situated in the heart of one of the richest
~ sections -of the -entire. North-West, must_always remain an important
are its principal industries.
centre of trade and manufacture. Its broad avenues, streets,-and._
“walks, substantial public buildings, and commegious hotels, speak well
for the enterprise and enlightened liberality of its citizens. The rich, black’ soil was returning a bountiful harvest at the time of my visit. Flour, oatmeal and paper mills, and a biscuit manufactory
D9. 3
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. . - 4r -
The Mtaniteln
—AND—
NORTH- WESTERN RAILWAY, a et ee ; ; :
ORTAGE La Prairie is the Eastern terminus and head-quarters of
the Manitoba _and North-Western Railway, now operated 78 miles to Minnedosa, and being extended 50 miles beyond the present season, through Basswood, Newdale, Strathlea, Shoal’ Lake, Keeloe to Allan: dale. Its objective point is Prince Albert, on the Saskatchewan, 430 miles from Portage La Prairie, through a magnificent. stretch of wheat growing and grazing country. Gladstone (34 miles from the Junction), Neepawa (61 miles), and. ‘Minnedosa (78 miles).are each flourishing villages of from 300 to 500 ‘inhabitants on this line. - Neepawa occupies a magnificent site overlooking the. Beautiful Plains, and.commanding a fine view of the Riding Mountain Range on the North. Minnedosa also is beautifully situated in the picturesque valley of the Little Saskatchewan, a clear stream from 50 to 100 feet in width-which flows through the place.
The country traversed by this road is of a very inviting character, generally a rich level prairie, but relieved of monotony by hill and dale, ~~~._and numerous groves of poplar, oak, and soft maple, bordering the
stréimis and lakes, and interspersed between. ‘The Company has a
land grant from the Dominion Government of 2,700,000 acres, over ~~~~-.500,000 acres of which are now offered for sale, with the privilege of
selection fromthe-entire. grant. There is no. more-desirable field for ae settlement in the North-West.” ae ; L
From Ocean to Ocean
'
BUFFALO HUNTING
--IN THE
Great. Dalley of the South Sashatchetwan,
a Moose Jaw I visited an encampment of half-breeds en route to.
their homes, about 70 miles to the Southward. The deep, worn trails of the buffalo, running from North to South every few rods, indicating that vast hérds of these aniinals had grazed and roamed over _ tbat region, I thought it a good opportunity to get information “concerning them from a native hunter. I was soon fortunate in not” _only finding one of their most distinguished, but also an intelligent man
“who spoke English quite readily. © Referring to the immense numbers
‘ehich formerly ranged through the great valleys of the North-West, he fully corroborated the statement of those travellers who have represented them as sometimes thickly covering the plains with their dark formidable bodies, as far as the eye could reach. My informant, a middle-aged man, had hunted them from boyhood, and only last year pursued them into the valley of the Little Missouw in the *United States, where his party killed several bulls. Formerly they slaughtered them by the thousand i in a single hunting expedition, chiefly for their skins, which they sold-to the Hudson Bay Company for. from 75c. to Sr. each. They are now rarely seen in the North-West ‘Territories, a comparatively few surviving in the’ valleys of the Little Missouri and Yellow stone Rivers, remote from settlements and railw ays. The hunter.
~ should spare these remnant bands of the red man’s cattle.
Near Stoney Mountain, orthe Stonewall branch of the-C. P.-R., 13 miles’ North-West of Winnipeg, I saw quietly grazing, a short distance from the passing train, a herd of over 40 domesticated buffalo, owned by Mr. Benson, the superintendent of the Provincial Penitentiary
located there.
“On the return trip, we waited nearly an hour at that station for an excursion party, and expressing a desire to see the buffalos at. closer
Tange, the conductor, S. D, Somes, Esq., kindly;invited me aboard the
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 43
engine, when we ran down opposite the herd and went out on foot among them., They were of alf sizes,-froman enormous bull, weighing | not less than 2,000 pounds—twice as large as any previously seen in public parks and museittms—to calves a few months old, and all rolling fat. They were quite tame, only one, a bull, manifesting any ugliness, who upon our nedr approach, within about twenty feet, low cred and shook his great shaggy head.
On one occasion he charged a party ‘of youngsters who were trying his temper, and who barely escaped by climbing upon the roof ofa shed fortunately near by.
_ They are ordiiarily slow in their movements, but it was at once evident when we started them out of a walk, that they are capable of great speed. ~
1 > from Ocean to Ocean
The Great Pasture Land of Aorth america,
ANITOBA, and the North-West Territories, embrace the greatest AYL and best pasture land on the North American Continent. I have traversed all of the most eXtensive grazing regions of the United States, Texas. Colorado, Montana, California, and Washington, and have never before seen such a vast unbroken stretch of country, so uniformly cov-
‘ered with a thick luxuriant growth of fattening: grasses, as lies between Winnipeg and the Rocky Mountains. At Maple Creek I was informed:
that over six thousand head of Montana cattle were shipped from that place over the Canadian Pacific last year. ‘The reason given for such an invasion, was not only lower ‘rates of transportation than could be obtained over American lines, but the excellent grazing all the way from the international boundary Northward, upon gvhich the stock while ex route became rolling fat. The warm Chinook vinds sweep over all that country lying along ic ‘Eastern base of the. ky Mountains, and for
two hundred miles Eastward, so modifying the climate that cattle and
horses frequently winter out without shelter, supported exclusively by the native grasses, of which there are 96 varieties. The snow fall, is light, seldom exc eeding fifteen inches upon the plains... ‘The ‘grass upon millions of acres, as I saw it in July, last,- would’ cut from one and a-half to two tons per acre, affording unlimited feed for winter.
The Canadian people possess also
‘THE LARGEST FLOWER GARDEN ON THE’ PLANET.
spreading over not only a thousand miles of plain and valley. but cover- ing all the lower slopes of the mountains, beyond! Balfeoh “Kicking Horse Lake and the first crossing of the Columbia River, I rode in” company with the distinguished’ botanist and explorer, Prof. Macoun, who told me that he had found 650 different species of Howering plants and shrubs in the’ Rocky Mountain region alone, large numbers of which are unknown in.other countries. In’ the wild fastnesses of the Selkirk Range, I saw flowers.in full radiant bloom within a few feet of aval-
_ afches 600 feet, wide and fifty feet deep, and great boquets: of them _ stood in the windows of the rough log cabins of the Canada Pacific” Railway construction army.
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 450
BRANDON. tte Settee, - . & HIS beautiful and flourishing city is situated on the South A of the Assinaboia River, in Manitoba, 132 miles West of Winnipeg. It lies midway betweeh the Sourris River on the South, and Little Sas- katchewan on the North, in the heart of a great scope of the best farm- ing and grazing country in-the Province. ‘The situation commands a delightful: view of the Blue Hills of Brandon, and the picturesque wooded valley of the Assinaboia. The growth of this place affords a striking illustration of the marvellous development of the North-West. ~ In 1881, the town. site was an unbroken, uninhabited portion of the “howling wilderness.” Three years later Brandon was incorporated, with a population of 2,500 souls, with good .churches and schools, handsome residences, substantial business blocks, a fine-court house, ~sKXcellent hotels, grain elevators, and flouring mills. It is also the __ terminus of the first division of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Winnipeg, and contains the usual round-house and workshops. The Brandon Roller Mills, Alexander Kelly & Company, proprietors, man- “ufaicture from the No. 1 wheat grown in’ this section a very superior Brand of Hour, i in extensive demand for exportation. A railway is pro- jected from Brandon, in a South‘Westerly direction, through the fertile valley of the Sourris, to intersect the proposed extension of the Winnipeg and Manitou, near. the international boundary line. Brandon is twenty-. . four miles from Minnedosa, on the Manitoba and North-Western Rail- way, thirty miles from Sourris City, twenty-four miles from Fairview, and eighteen miles from Rapid City, to all of which points there is commun-
Teatiorr by stage: ; ; . . |
Fa
<
46 oe, from Ocdyn to: Ocean
The Borth. West Gerritory.
T Fleming,-a station on the ‘Canadian Pacific Railway, 211 miles
. West of Winnipeg, we enter the North-West Territory of the Dorhinion.. It comprises the districts of-Assinaboia (95,000 square miles), Alberta (1c0,000 square miles), Saskatdhewan (114,000 square| miles), and Athabasca (122,000 square miles), a square miles, a country alone larger than Enslan Wales, Ireland, Scot- land and France combined.
. -It embraces the Great Saskatchewan and Peace ‘River Valleys, famous for their extent and fertility, and as the battle field of the recent _ Riel half-breed ‘Tebellion. It is well watered by! the Saskatchewan,
et
over 2,000 miles of steamer navigation. Timber in considerable ‘quanti- ties grows upon the borders of the streams, and numerous groves are scattered throughout the vast prairies. . Coal of good quality underlies hundreds of thousands of acres,.and extensive depasits have been dis- - covered near.the line of the railway. The climate. is very healthful ; winters cold, but snow fall light ; spring 'e early, and falls long, and very
pleasant. For wheat growing, cattle raising, and dairying, this Tegion -
is unsurpassed in America. Withip this territory lie the great Bell and Sykes farms, and the mom exten stockranches-in-the- Dominion Regina is the Capital of the Territory, the residence of Lieut.-Governor Dewdney, and the head quarters ¢ of the Mounted Police. r
aggregate area of 431,0007.
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. — 47°0° . . 4
a f
MOOSOMIN. —
YROCEEDING Westward cighty- six miles, through Kemnay,. Alex- ander, Griswold, Oak Lake, Virden, Hargrav e, Elkhorn, and Flem-. ‘o ing, and we reach the flourishing town of Moosomin, in the North- ft West: ‘Territory. ‘The rapid settlement of the lands in this - settlement -is the best evidence of their superior excellence.. In 1882, only three. years ago, there were only fifty settlers within a radius; of forty miles of the place. At the time of my.-visit, 625. (320 acre) claims had been
entered, and the greater proportion were occupied by families.
The country lying along the Southern slope of the Moose Mountain Range is considered: the choicest for purposes of general farming. Moosomin possesses not only the advantage. of a central situation in an
; exceptionally tich district, being rapidly developed, but is a point of distribution and shipment for Fort Ellice, and other settlements. to the Northward.
‘D. H. McCallym, of Moosomin, will transport eight and pas:
Sengers to all points in this tegion.
whe
my
to ‘
$s. 0 ; from Ocean to Ovean
| @Appelle; ar , Troy station, Saar ame aa am aieene ama HE Q’Appelle Valley is the Garden of the North-West, both in fertility and. beauty. The Q’Appelle River rises in Long Lake, about twenty-two miles North-West of Regina, and flowing in a South-
Easterly direction, Soe, 2co miles, discharges into the Assinaboia. The immediate valley-L€d is from one to two miles in ‘width, bounded
“by high rolling hills or bluffs, in many places thickly coveréd with a
small growth of poplar and bushes. From their summit, from one to two hundred feet above the river, the country- extends on every hand
as“far as the eye can_reach, in magnificent_stretches-of-tich—rolling ————
prairie, dotted here and there with lakes, and ‘groves of poplar and willow. :
Q’Appelle, situated i in the centre of this ‘splendid agricultural dis- trict, and already a flourishing “town of several hundred inhabitants,
ds a place of great promise.
« The’ superior advantages of soil and climate possessed ‘by the
'Q’Appelle Valley has Ied to the location in the neighborhood: of the
largest agricultural estates in the Dominion.
The ‘great Bell farm of Indian Head comprises 64,000 acres in __ one body, upon 3,400 acres of which 90,000 bushels of wheat was raised in one season, the yield being from thirty fo forty bushels per acre, .
The Sykes farm of 20,000 acres is only a few milés distant.
Stages, carrying Her Majesty's mails, run weekly from Q’ Appelle station to Prinée Albert. _. ‘Leeson & Scott, the proprietors and mail contractors, also run Stages from Swift Current to Battleford and Fort Pitt, and from Calgary to Edmonton, carrying passengers and freight at lowest rates.
by the Canadian Pacific Railway. . 49
FORT Q’APPELLE. ; a
ye Hudson on Bay Post of Fert Q Appelte, Archibald McDonald,
chief factor, was established twenty-nine years ago, on one of a chain of ‘nine lakes—altogether thirty miles in length—formed by the widening of the river in its course through this beautiful valley.” It is about twenty miles North of Q’Appelle Station on the Canadian Pacific Railway, from which point there is daily communication. by stage. So
—Eirerarte we sate smoke from the-steamplow—upon the great ————— Sykes farm, which raises from six to ten thousand acres of wheat annu- ally. .The country is gently rolling, well watered, and interspersed with groves of poplar. and willow. Descending the thickly wooded. hills which bound the valley on the South, we were surprised to find such a handsome’village at their base, cormprising not. only stores and shops, but a good hotel, livery, and flour mill.
A more charming spot I have not scen in this region, and there is
none affording greater advantages for settler, tourist. and sportsman,
! The lakes abound with whitefish, pike and pickerel, and geese, duck and grouse are numerous. Fort Q’Appelle obtained prominence during the recent Riel rebellion as the point of departure and base of opera. 27° tions of the Volunteer army, sent out for its suppression. About four. miles below Fort Q' Appelle there is a Catholic mission, established: many years ago, and, still niaintained hy: ‘the Catholic fathers. 7 a .
fo.
oe an
50 fvom Occan to Occan
REGINA.
ana cae ie
EGINA, the Capital of the North-West Territory, residence of Licu- tenant-Governor Dewdney, and head-quarters of the Mounted Police, is situated on the Wascana, a tributary of the Q’Appelle River,’ 356 miles from Winnipeg. Both from its commanding situation, and ’ promising future, it deserves its name, “The Queen City of the Plains.” "It is surrounded on all sides’ by a vast extent of rich araDlexcountry, adapted to agriculture, stock raising, and dairying.
The city has attained a surprising growth even in this land of won- derful development, containing good churches, schools, hotels, business houses, and residences. ,
The wholesale house of John Dawson, Esq., manufacturing druggist, situated here, carrying not less than a: ten thousand dollar stock, will indicate the extent of settlement in this region.
A VISIT TO RIEL AND HIS INDIAN REBEL ‘CHIEFTAINS— --, POUNDMAKER, BIG BEAR, DQG TAIL, RED BEAR, "WHITE DOG, AND SEVENTY OTHERS’.
T arrived at Regina on the first day of the trial of Louis Rie} for high treason. Mounting a fast horse, I galloped two miles across the open plain, to the residence of Governor Dewdney, who kindly gave
.meéa permit to see all of the seventy-six .half-breed and Indian rebel prisoners, then in the territoriak prison awaiting their trial. -Before reaching the jail, I met Riel in a two-horse heavy wagon, under a strong escort of red-coated mounted policemen, ex route to the Court _ Room at Regina. The rebel chief, of whom-I..saw much during the examination of the -principal witnesses against Him, is a prepossessing, well-built man, about five feet eight inches in height, long, thick, dark brown hair, slighty curly, high forehead, deep’ set large black eyes, with a gave earnest expression, without a trace of cruclty. _ His man- ner is ordinarily quiet and gentlemanly ; language good, and whole bearing apparently sincere and unostentatious.. He was dressed in a
f-
By the Canadian Pacife Rahway. «5
grey woollen suit, coarse shoes, and broad brimmed brown felt hat. -He impressed me as a man of much native ability, whose intense convic- tions and enthusiasm upon political and religious questions affecting the half-breeds, together with great hardships, has dethroned his reason. His whole course, acts, writings and speeches lead to this conclusion. The prisons, two long wooden buildings, 1 found models of cleanliness
and good management throughout. Corporal Pigott, of the Mounted -
Bglice, kindly showed me through. Riel’s cell, the first to enter, is about seven fect long, five feet wide, and twelve feet in height. | Three matched ‘pine boards, Testing. upon a
wooden horse at each end. and three pairs of blankets, constituted his
bed. , In addition to soldier's rations, he is allowed three pints of milk daily. The ball and chain is not attached to his leg, except when he goes out for exercise, generally twice a day. Riel spends most of his time writing concerning his trial. ,
. Chief Poundmaker is one of the noblest appearing Indians I have
ever scen ; tall, commanding, and graceful, with an intelligent, frank, ~
pleasant face. He greated me with a courteous nod and smile, and. evidently wished to speak.” His brother, who occupied the cell with him, sat upon the floor, with his head bowed down with grief.’ Big Bear, an old man of 795 short, thick-sett and vigorous, naked to the waist, stood erect, looked up boldly and, gave us a friendly BEcognition.
His young son, “ Horse Colt,” was running at large in the corridors.
In succession We visited the cells of Chiefs White Dog, Red Bear,
‘Dog Tail, their followers, Biting Eagle, Sounding: Earth, Red Blanket,
Little Crow, Under-Ground Child, ‘The, Quiet, Man, The Lan ‘Man, “ The Man ‘They Whooped’ At,” and inany others. All w ere clean, well fed, newly clothed, and most humanely treated in every. respect.
Only one Indian, charged with murder, was in irons. | Bvery Indian upon receptiog: is stripped and washed, and his clothing burned or boiled and fumigated. Lo :
(
2 - . . Frem Ocean to Ocean
on
MOOSE JAW.
N December, 1882, the Canadian Pacific Railway crossed the small stream, called, from the English translation of thé Indian name, Moose Jaw, a tributary of the Q’Appelle, and near its left, bank estab-
lished the town of that name. . Being the end of a railway division, with:
roundhouse, depot and eating station, and surrounded by an extensive
‘scope of country, well adapted to both grazing and agriculture, it grew
rapidly, and now contains about 200 houses and 500 inhabitants. Lawyer Gordon showed mea list of over 300 names of persons who have settled upon claims, within a radius of twenty miles, during the
_ past two Wars ‘and a-half. The prevailing soil is a deep loam with clay
sub-soil, which produces abundant crops of ‘grains and roots. Spring
opens.early, usually admitting of plowing. and seeding before te end-of ——
March, ‘Mr. Gass informed me that he started a reaper in a field of
.tipe wheat on the day previous to my arrival, the 25th of July, though
this is probably from one to two weeks sooner than their harvest ordinarily ommences. ‘The owner, Mr. Young, occupying Sections 16, ‘Township eighteen, Range twenty-four, says that, during twenty-one year’s farming in Ontario, that he never raised so good a crop. ‘This Section is fairly well watered by streams and lakes, and furnishes a good supply by digging from fifteen to sixty feet, accurding to location. ‘Ihe net-work of buffalo trails visible everywhere, and vast numbers of their car- casses covering the plains, attests the excellence. of the pasturage of this country. Over twenty car loads of buffalo bones—aboitt 309 tons —have bee., shipped from Moose Jaw alone, and great piles are “now
‘ awaiting shipment all along the line. ‘They are collected: by the’ half-
breeds, who. receive $5 a ton for them, delivered near a railway station, I saw several heaped-up Red River carts being weighed, which brought
$1.50 per load. These bones are shipped to Philadelphia, and used
chiefly for refining and fertilizing purposes. There is a belt of ash and maple timber on the Moose Jaw River, about nine miles from town. Veins of coal and iron are said to have. been discovered to the
- Southward. A trail leads to Prince Albert, about 200° miles North, on
the Saskatchewan. Moose Jaw is provided with a schoul and churches,
and is settled with an enterprising and law-abiding people.
! c. 14
on Ga
By the Canadian Pacific Ratlway.
SWIFT CURRENT.’
WIFT CURRENT is the most important of ‘the twenty stations "198 “miles distant. Tr 1S “sienated near a “sail streant “of ‘that™name;—— which flows into the Saskatchewan, and contain’s the usual railway build- ings at the end of every division, roundhouse, eating station, and depot, also several stores. The horizon bounds the vast rolling plains on every -hand, interspersed with numerous lakes, bounded by green meadows. *” A trail Icads thirty miles North to Saskatchewan Landing, and also to Battleford and Edmonton. Swift Current is 112 miles West of Moose Jaw, past the. following stations :—Boharm, Caron, Mortlach, Parkbeg, | Secreta, Chaplin, Emfold, Morse, Herbert, Rush Lake, Waldee, and” a. Aikins. SoS
54 from Ocean. to Ocean -
o
Ulaple Greek.
IGHTY-SIX miles.further;past the stations of Leven, Goose Lake. Antelope, Gull Lake, Cypress, Sidewood, Crane Lake, and Colley, brings us to Maple Creek,.so named from a small stream near the town,
which, rising in the Cypress Hills, flows into Big Stick Lake, about:
eighteen miles to the North. .A species of soft maple: grows upon its banks, from. which the Indians are said. to have made sugar. Maple
Creek, now-but a small, two-year-old village, lies in the heart of one of
the best grazing and agricultural portions of this region. The country
to the South dnd Westward especially,-extending—alt_the—way~ to” the”
Boundary Line, is’ one unbroken stretch of magnificent grazing and - farming land. The elé\ated timbered belt seen to the South, is known
as the Cypress Hills, and ‘contains large quantities of valuable pine,”
which is being manufactured ‘into lumber by two saw mills, from.twenty to forty miles distant, and sold on the line of the railway at from twenty to thirty-five dollars per thousand. This section is well watered. by streams and lakes: Coley, Crane, Lake of the Narrows, Big Stick, Gull, Hay, Fresh Water and Island. Lakes, all within twenty miles, being the most important of the latter. Good well water is generally obtained within twenty ‘feet of the surface. Besides the abundant quantity of fuel furnished by the Cypress Hills; there are veins of good coal within ten miles of this place. Tis is the place. where.
- Montana stockmen have shipped’ such large numbers of cattle by the”
_Canadian Pacific Railway for the: Eastern market, over 6,000 head dur- ing last season. Low rates of transportation, and the excellence of the . grazing ex route from their ranges, are the inducements offered. + Mr. J. M. Dixon, merchant, and Mr.-English, formerly Indian agent of. the Cree Tribes, informed me that grain yields from twenty to thirty-five bushels, the quality being good. Spring opens early ;. plowing usually . commencing’ by. the middle of March. There is considerable hay land in the vicinity, -which yields from one and a-half to two and a-half fons per acre. ¥ There are about fifty-five settlers within ten miles of the statioii,
By the Canadian Pacific Raileay. . 55
who have entered upon their Jands within_the past few months, and room for thousands more. Hunters will find bear, both black and grizly, deer and autelope in the Cypress Hills, and numerous prairie chickens. 7
Maple Creek is 596.miles West of Winnipeg, 426 miles East of Donald, the first crossing of the Columbia; zo miles South of the Sas- katchewan River, and 60 miles North of the Boundary Line.
It affords comfortable hotel accommodations, and contains large stocks of general merchandise. :
ate ae
56 From Ocean to Ocean’
‘ledicine Hat.
EDICINE HAT is situated on the right bank of the South” Saskatchewan, 1,089 miles West from Port Arthur, and 362-miles East of Donald, at the first crossing of the Columbia River. ° The Saskatchewan, here spanned by a magnificent iron bridge about a thousand feet'in length, is navigable for steamboats during the . summer months, from over one hundred and fifty miles al ve, continu- _ ously up to Edmonton cn the North Saskatchewan, mor&than ‘1,500 miles distant. Medicine Hat lies central in a region embracing a grand score of excellent pastoral country, extensive deposits 0 (superior _—-.---_——coal,-and-large "bodies of valuable timber.
From the Boundary Line North to the Cypress Hills, and’West to | > Fort McLeod, extends an unbroken stretch ‘of the finest: grazing: in America.
The Galt coal mines. to which a branch railway has been built. ‘situated about sixty tiles to the South, although but recently opened ¢ are already yielding upwards of 200 16ns daily of excellent coal. There are also other large deposits within seven miles of the place, from which considerable quantities have bech taken. The Cypress Hills, containing many thousand acres of merchantable " pine timber, are only thirty miles to the South-Eastward. A Michigarts _ firm have purchased a timber limit of 20,0c0 acres in these Hills, and -erected a saw mill, now producing 40,000 feet a day. ‘Medicine Hat is the head- -quarters ofa division of the Canadian Pacific Railway; a station of the Mounted. Police, and trading point of the whole country lying between Maple, Creek and Calgary.” The - «+ - situation much resembles” that of Calgary, Testing: cozily in an arm of | " - .the great river, sheltered by its high banks and hills on the South. A few Indians of the Plain Crees were camping round about at .
i ‘the time of my visit.
p Mepicrne HAT, ON THE SOUTI SASKATCHEWAN, 660 MILES WEST OF WINNIPEG,
38 + From Ocean to Ocean
CALGARY.
ALGARY, the most prominent place in the North-West Territories occupies a beautiful situation at the confluence of the Bow and Elbow Rivers, in the district of Alberta,-r20 miles from the summit of
‘the Rocky Mountains. It commands the trade of an imm2nse scope of
country, very rich in pastoral, mingral, and agricultural resources.
All the great trails leading to the Deer. River country, Edmonton, and the far North, settlements-upoa ti2, Peac: and Athabasca Rivers, start from. Calgary as the nearest and best point on the--Canadian Pacific Railway from which to obtain their ‘supplies. ~ i
From trading” post Of the Hudson. ‘Bay. Company. it‘has become in a few months’ time an incorporated town of a thousand souls, with the largest commercial houses in the Territories. It is also the per-
“manent head-quarters of the Mounted Police of Alberta, and an ‘Important lumber manufacturing point, logs having been successfully run-down from the mountains over the Bow River falls.”
L arrived here most opportunely to see this rising city of the new North-West. Lieut. Steele and ‘a long cavalcadé of Riel rebellion volunteers were.crossing the Bow River within sight, returning from their three months’ march of over a thousand miles through the vast
‘region. to the Northward. Weather-tanned faces, worn and tattered ‘clothing and accoutrements showed hard service...--Arches of ev ergreen
spanned the streets, bearing the inscriptions, ‘© Welcome home again,”
- All honor to Steele and. his brave scouts.” All the towns people and settlers from the surrounding country assembled-to receive them, and: rejoice together over their victories and the -restoration of peace. ” Groups of Indians dressed in their grotesque fanciful costumes, with
their painted faces, witnessed the triumphal entry of their conquerors.
~
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 59 . 4 .
THE ROCKY, SELKIRK,
—AND—
Gold Rariges of Blountains.
zg
‘GLORIOUS SCENERY.
9
HE Canadian Pacific Railway, especially from the hase of thé Rocky Mountains, near Calgary, all the way to thé Gulf of Georgia, a distance of 644 miles, presents one continuous panorama of the grandest and most beautiful views imaginable, _ First comes™ the Bow River Valley, green as a well watered lawn in summer, and ‘brilliant with flowers, and sparkling with clear streams, walled in by the loftiest summits of the Rockies, which nowhere rise in miore
Striking grandeur, so bold amd clean cut, in places thousands” of feet™ almost perpendicular, with cataracts plunging down from the melting
- snowfields and glaciers, which lie among the highest peaks. Then
you ride through the famous Kicking Horse lass and Canyon, along. the roaring’ river of that name, across the Columbia River, up the. Beaver, ovét the “highest wooden bridge ‘on the ,continent, at”Stoney
Creek (285 fect above water) ; scale the summit of the Selkirk’s; and.
then. descend: to - Farwell, ‘along the mad Illicilewait River, amidst’ a
succession of mountain, canyon, forest, glacier, and avalanche’ scenes,
without. parallel for grandeur and interest. upon: any other -Trans- Continental Railway. From Eagle Pass Landing to Savona’s Ferry, a ‘distance of. about .130 miles, the road follows ‘the left bank of the - North Thompson, one ofthe finest of streams of transparent clearness,
and the shore of a chain of beautiful lakes, the Big and Little
Shuswap, -and then Kamloop Lake, through an open rolling. and- mountainous country abounding i in most charming landscapes. A, little
beyond, Lytton you cross the great steel Cantilever bridge,. built at a, cost of -$400, 900, and plunge into the terrible canyons of the Frazer. River, cut more than’a thousand feet deep by its mighty and impetuous
rush for ages, over 50. miles through the Cascade Mountains.
- Not less by the grandeur of the scenery along this royal road across .the New. World is the traveller impressed: than by the marvellous ‘achievement of overcoming so- successfully, in such a’ brief period of time, the seemingly unsurmountable obstacles opposed by nature to its
construction..
. . . . . ee
4
62 From Ocean to Ocean °- . “
.
| | CANMORK. AN eee
ae Eastern terminus of the mountain division, 1,335 miles from
PorrArthur, comprising’ a round- house and eating ‘station, | is
; situated + in a level beautiful valley,.covered in summer with a luxuriant
growth of red top and timothy grasses brilliant with flowers in great | “variety. Acgrand amphitheatre of rocky mountains, from three to seven ___ ) y mountains, from three to :
__thousand-feet-in-height;-botdy bage and brown, “except their snow-topped
summits, surround the place. ‘Three monuments of conglomerate _ formation, from 30 to 4o feet in height, stapling at the foot-hills, about — a-quarter of a mile from the depot are objects of interest‘to the traveller. , , -They are evidently the: remains’ of the high bluffs which bounded the valley in former ages, their-more enduring compesition longer resisting -the wearing forces of the elements. .
The Hudson Bay formerly occupied ° a post. “here known as - Padmore, from GPrich a trail led Southward into the Kootenay Country still in use. - _ _—
From Canmore you .pass ‘in review the grandest ‘scenery of the Rockies ; Cascade and Castle’ Mountains towering among the clouds, with silver cascades leaping .a thousand: feet down their precipitous. rocky sides, then through the-wild Kicking Horse Pass into. the. great *
valley .of the: Columb ia.
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. . 64.
Banff Got Sulphur Springs:
ANFF is on the line of the Canadian’ Pacific Railroad i in the. famous ane Bow River Valley, 919 miles West of Winnipeg. Here about one - mile from. the station, and one half mile from the Bow River‘on the’ South side, have been discovered tw6 remarkable-hot sulphur ‘springs,
_ which promise to become the health and pleasure resort of tens of thou- sand in the near future. . T he. first spring reached is tw enty-five feet in diameter, eight feet deep, witha temperature of 87°. The second, fifty feet distant, in a narrow gorge, is about thirty feet ‘in diametep, six feet in depth, with a temperature of 85°, anda flow of water estimated ‘ by.
——-MrFletcher;-of the-C..P.-R. -Reywatajo,ooo-gallons. er hour —There-is another spring some 214 miles from the line of the road, ‘having a temperature of 110°. °
an)
it ; Devil's Scie. ; cane
Lf U cadena
BOUT five miles from Banff lies one of. the most attractive. bodies of |
. Watet in this whole region. . It it between ten and tw elve miles in
length in the form of. an S,.from-one to one and a-half miles'in width, «2+ |
wo to thrée hundred feet deep, with hartdsome gradually sl@ping shores, * .
rater eat as crystal, and full,of trout: of great size. “The mountains,
! pine and spruce timbered, rise from 3060 to 4,000 feet above,and abound a
. ‘with sheep and deer. I am ‘also indebted, to Mr. F. Fletcher for a. ~q description of this beautiful. lake, to:which a trail having been recently’. s
cut is now: "easily accefsible.
~~
\- a. : 62. - From. Ocean-to Ocean?” os : eo
Gritiely Columbia: -
¢ From Chittenden's LD razels in British Columbia and Alaska, , 1882- 83 3: 3)
. monomers) n+ - 4 ~
ESCENDING the Western slope of the Rockies, along the roaring L Kicking Horse River, soon after leaving. Laggan, we enter British Columbia. It isa vast region, extending from the 49th parallel of latitude © more than 700 miles North to the 6oth, and from the divide of the Rocky Mountains on the- East, 4oo miles’ West to the Pacific, containing 341,515 square miles,or 218,435,200 acres, a.cotintry nearly three times as large as England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales combined. It is traversed lengthwise by two great mountain ranges, the Rockies and the Cascades, about 250 miles apart, the former reaching an elevation: of 9,000 and the latter 6,000 feet. The Columbia and the Fraser, the second and third largest rivers on the ‘Pacific Coast, nse within the Province, and with the Skeena, Nass, Stickeen and innumerable other streains drain its Western slope. - The interior is well watered by nu- _ merous rivers aud creeks, and thousands of lakes and springs. Parallel to the mainland, and at a distance of from three to twenty miles there- ‘from, extends.Vancouver Island for over 250 miles. The shores of the ‘mainland and of Vancouver, and the intervening waters, embrace the most wonderful collection of inlets, sounds, harkors; straits, channels ‘and islands, to be found upon the planet. British Columbia, in com- mon with the whole Pacific Coast. possesses two distinct climates. . Along: the West coast, even as far North as latitude fifty-three degrees, ° the mean winter. temperature is about forty-two degrees; the annual © rainfall averaging from forty-five inches at Victoria to seventy-five in- ches at Fort Simpson, 630 miles North. In the interior the climate is much drier, the entire precipitation ranging from ten to twenty inches; the mean summer temperature being about seventy-five deg. and the , winter ten deg. above. North of latitude fifty-one the winters~are _severe, but the snowfall moderate except in the higher altitudes. This section is not subject to the terrible blizzards which prevail East of. the
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 63
Rocky Mountains, the coldest weather usually being perfectly calm and clear. Though mountains and forests cover.a considerable -portion of its surface, there are very extensive ‘areas excellently adapted to stock- raising and agriculture. The great natural’ resources of the Province are minerals, coal, fish, timber; grazing and -furs.. Although there are millions of acres as yet untouched by human foot, ‘the discoveries of valuable mineral deposits already made are immense. Her gold_fields are among the most extensive and richest in the w orld ; coal underlies hundreds of thousands. of acres ; there are mountain masses and islands of iron, and rich mines of silver, copper and other precious metals.
THE GREAT GOLD ‘FIELDS OF BRITISH. COLUMBIA
Embrace in area more than 100,0c0 square miles, extending from Rock Creek, near the 49th parallel, to Liard River:on the 6oth. On the Similkameen and Kootenay, at"Hope, Yale, Boston Bar, Lillooet, and Bridge Rivers ; in the Big Bend of the Columbia, at Quesnelle, Keith- ley, Harvey, Cariboo, and.Omineca; on the Peace, Skeena, Nras, and Stickeen Rivers ; and, lastly, at Cassiar, gold has been found not only. in paying quantities, but in many places by the millions, their aggregate products amounting to about fifty million dollars.
L THE CARIBOO GOLD DISTRICT,
Lying between 52 and 54 degrees of North latitude, embraces an area’ of upwards of 700 square miles. The Quesnelle Lake and River form its South and South-Western boundary, and the Fraser North-Eastern, Western and Northern. Here Williams, Lightning, and Antler creeks and gulches startled the world by. their amazing richness, the. Wake-up- Jack claim yielding 150 ounces in a single day, the Caledonia 300 ounces, Butcher 350, Steele’s 409, the Chittenden claim on Lowhee 432, the Ericsson 500 ounces, when the Diller claim cleaned up with the astonishing amount of 102 pounds of gold: These wonderful deposits ° have been found in the beds of the water courses, from 60 to 8o feet below the surface. There are also extensive lodes of rich _gold-bearing quartz awaiting development. Though the mines of Cariboo reached their maximum product, $3,735,850 in 1864, it is the opinion of most - old miners who have had experience there,. that still greater wealth lies hidden i in her mountains and water courses. The annual yield of the district now ranges from $700,000 to S1,000,000. ‘Mr. John ‘Bowron, .. the Gold Commissioner, informed me on my recent visit to Barkerville, _. that prospectors sent out by the Government had just returned, and
64° - From ‘Ocean to Overn
“reporied having found good surface diggings and extensive ledges of rich quartz rock. The completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway
will greatly reduce the hitherto enormous cost of conducting mining .
operations here, and greatly facilitate the development of the vast gold deposits of this region.
.
THE.GOLD FIELDS UF CASSIAR,
Next in importance, extend over more than 250 square miles of country lying between the 54th and Goth degrees of North, latitude, along the- North-Eastern watershed of the gold range. Gold was first found in this section in 1872-3, near the confluence of the Liard with the Mac. kenzie River, the most productive mines being on Dease, Thibert, and McDames Creeks, tributaries of the Dease River. Several milions were taken out along these streams during the two or three succeeding years. Their product.for the year 1881 is estimated. at one hundred and ninety- eight thousand dollars, and the number of miners engaged at 300, most
of whom go. South to winter.
THE OMLINECA GOLD MINES ©
Are also situated on the North-Eastern slope of the gold range of the
Province, near the 53rd_ parallel of latitude, upon the “uibutaries of the Omineca, a bratich of the Peace River. There-are about twenty men
working claims here upon Vitell’s, Manson, and Germansen creeks, tak-— ‘
ing out about $35,000 annually.
OTHER GOLD FIELDS. . o
Gold is found in paying quantities upon many of the streams of |
the South-Eastern portion of the Province, especially in ihe Big Bend of the Columbia, and in the Kootenay country, the claims on Cherry and Wild Horse creeks being the most productive. In 1852 the Hudson Bay Company discovered guld-bearing quartz of remarkable richness on the West shore of Queen Charlotte Island. Gold has also been found. on.the head waters of the-Eeech River and other streams along the ‘West coast of Vancouver.
‘SILVER, COPPER AND IRON,:
Are known to 6 be widely distributed throughout tHe Province. Pieces of pure silv er have been found from time ‘tome j in many of the mining, camps along the Fraser, also on Cherry Creck in the Okanagan district,
and at Omineca. In 1871 a rich vein. of silver- was discovered -near\
.
ae
By the Canadian Lacie Railway. 65
Hope; on the’ Fraser‘River and traces for nearly Malf a mile.” There are deposits of copper ore upon Howe Sound, Knights and Jarvis Inlets, the Queen Charlotte Islands, and at other points, the former said to be
quite extensive, ‘There are inexhaustible quantities of iron on Texada .
Island, situated in the Gulf of Georgia, about 100: miles North of the City of Victoria, amidst the great coal be rds, timber supplies, and Iime-
- stone quarries 5 of the Province.
THE COAL FIELDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA,
On. Vancouver Island ‘alone, comprise ‘many hundred thousand acres,
lying mainly along the East.coast of the Island between Nanaimo and Fort Rupert.” The Nanaimo coal lands embrace about- ninety square miles, and. those of Comox upwards of 300. There are alsu extensive
bodies of coal on Quatsino:Svund oa the North-West coast of Van-
couver, about 250 miles North-West of V ictoria, and large veins are
reported to have been discovered on the Glueea Charlot: Islands. ”
These-coals are chietly bituminous, of the crefaccous era and superior
_ for general and domestic "purposes ty any -otl tr found on the Pacific
Coast. ~ > “THE TIMBER RESOURCES OF THE PROVINCE,
Are very extensive, embracing many hundred thousand acres of Douglas
fir lying i in the West Cascade region, the choicest bodics upon Burrard :
_ and Jarvis Inlets, Mud Bay, Howe Sound, and the East coast of Van-
couver Island.” It attains an enormous growth, and being straight and
exceedingly tough and durable is in great demand the world over for.
“ship spars and timbers. Over thirty million fvet.are manufactured into
lumber annually, chiefly for exportation to Asiatic, Australian, and South American ‘ports. . ‘The pine, and spruce of the interior, though much inferior in size and quality tothe fir of the coasi, is sufficient in both and also in quantity for all local purposes. —
“FISH. .
The waters of British Columbia ‘teem with countless millions of the
“choicest salmon, halibut, cod, herring, smelt. sturgeon, whiting, &c., &c.
The canning of salmon for exportation. is already a very important. in-
dustry, the product for the’ present season amotinting to about 177,000_,
cases. “They also constitute the chief food dependence “of the Indian
“population, Oil is manufactured from dog fish, herrings, and oolaclrans,
but the other fish mentioned are as yet, except: to a limited extent, only
caught for home consumption. * : 5
| Aye
af,
66 - From Occan to Ocean © FUR=BEARING ANIMALS
<Are more Numerous in this Province than'in any other part of America, excepting, perhaps, portions of Alaska, having for nearly. forty years through the Hudson Bay Company supplied the world with most of their finest furs. They comprise bears, beaver, badgers, cuyotes, foxes, fish- ers, Martens, minks, lynxes, otters, panthers, raccoons, W volves, wolver- ines, and other small kinds. The product of the fisheries and furs of the Province amounts to nearly a million and a-half dollars annually.
n
STOCK RAISING IN BRITISH COLUMBIA. 7 -
British Columbia contains a very extensive area of grazing lands of. unsurpassed excellence. The whole inter-Rocky Mountain Cascade. Region is specially adapted for pastoral purposes. During my. recent travels through the interior of the Province, I traverséd hundreds of thousands of acres in the Nicola, Kamloops and Okanagan Valleys and ‘Lake La Hache country, covered with a luxuriant growth of the nutri- cious bunch grass, and saw bands of thousands of cattle rolling fat; and way to the Northward in the Chilcotin, Nechaco, Wastonquah and Peace River VaReys, are vast ranges, hundreds: of miles in extent, .as _yet untouched. Interviews with all the principal stock-raisers and dealérs in British Columbia confirms, amy own observations that cattle raised upon the bunch grass of this région are among the finest in. the world, very large and fat, and the choicest of beeves. Mr. B.’ Van Volkenburgh, the leading butcher in the Province, meat purveyor to Her Majesty’s Navy, the owner of 7,000 acres of grazing lands, and — “several thousand head of cattle and sheep; Mr. Thaddeus Harper ~ whose 3,000 Or 4,000 head of cattle and horses. range upon his own estate of 25,000 acres ; Mr. J. B.-Graves at present-the largest owner of fat cattle; 8,000 head,.including 6,000 steers; Mr. C. M: “Beak, of the Nicola Valley, who. has just sold 1,300 for $28,000 and been offered
. $27,000 for the balance of his herd; Antoine Menaberriet, of Cache
' Creek, Victor Guillaume, W. J. Roper, Hugh Morton, ‘M. Sullivan, Wm. Jones, Jotin Pringle, John Peterson and W. J. Howe, of Kam- loops, Wm, Fortune, of Tranquille, A. L. Fortune, James C: Steele,
_ Cornelius O'Keefe, Greenhow, Postill and Eli Lequime, of Okanagan, and John. Clapperton, Alexander Toutlie, A. Van Volkenburgh, John Gilmour, Johny Hamilton, and Guichon, of Nicola, Patrick Kilroy, of . ‘Lytton, and others, together the owners of three- “quarters of the sixty
. or sixty-five thousand head of cattle in the Province, agree that ‘stock
°
B y ‘the Canadian Pacific Railway. - 67
does exceedingly. well in this region, increases at the rate of thirty per ‘cent. by the herd, or ninety per cent. for those breeding; is free from disease, and subject to less loss from occasional severe winters, than from drought on the Southern coast. Fat cattle are now in active de- mand, at from twenty to twenty-five dollars for two-year old, and from twenty-five to thirty-five dollars for three-year old steers, herds selling at from fifteen to twenty dollars per head. |The average weight of cattle upon the ranges is 550 for two-year old, 675 fur three-year old, and 800 for four-year old cattle. They feed in the elevated valleys during the summer, and in winter on @e’ sheltered sunny ‘slopes and bottonis, keeping in good condition upon a species of white sage, called worm- wood, which succeeds the bunch grass, where the latter is too closely
grazed. Mr. Van Volkenburgh has had over 1000 tons of hay stacked
up for over three years, having had no occasion to feed it.
Three winters in twenty, cattle have died from starvation ‘and - exposure occasioned by deep snows covering the feed. .Such losses are
«
confined mainly to breeding cows, in the spring of the year, for which
most prudent stock-raisers’ now provide a reserve of hay. The steers seldom succumb, except in extraordinary winters; such as that of 1879- 80, many of them keeping fat in the mountains the year round... The Winter ranges throughout the Province are generally fully stocked, but hay for the winter feeding required j in the N orthern part may be cut in unlimited quantities.
THE AGRICULTURAL LANDS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA -
Comprise in the aggregate several million.acres, only a small-portion of Sereg: 7
which are at present occupied.“ Vancouver Island alone is estimated to contain over 300,000, 2acTes,— 100, 000 in the vicinity of Victoria, 64,000 in North and South* Saanich, 100,000,- in. the “Cow ichan district,
45,000 near Nanaimo, 5,000 in Salt Spring ‘Island, 59 ooo in the Comox district, and 3,500 acres near Sooke. Along the ‘lower
Fraser, including the - Deltd, there are about 175,000 acres of
unsurpassed fertility. In the Lillooet, Cache Creek, Kamloops, _
Spallumcheen, Salmon River, Okanagan, Grand Prairie sections there are large amounts of excellent farming lands ;and in the Lake La
Hache,. upper Fraser, Chilicotin, and Peace. River countriés, vast bodies, hundreds of miles in extent, awaiting settlement. They afford |
the greatest choice of situation with reference. to climate and productions. Heretofore, there has been but little encouragement for agriculturists in
¢the interior, but the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway, will
>
' . ae 68 from Ocean to Ovean
give them an-excellent markét un the seaboard for all their surplus
grain, potatoes, &c. The greatness, character, and diversity: of the
natural resources of the Province, will ultimately employ a large popula-
tion in. their develypment and utilization; creating-a great de: mand at
good prices for all Kinds of farm produce. 3 we. .
THE PROVINCIAL LAND LAWS
Provide that any person being the head of a family, a widew, or ‘single man oven the age of 18 years and a British subject, or any alien upon | declaring his intention to become a British subject, may record any tract of unoccupied, unsurveyed and unreserved Crown Lands, not exceeding 320 acres, North and East of the Cascade or Coast Range of Mountains, and 160 acres in the rest of the Province, and “ pre-empt” -
or “homestead” the: ‘same, and obtain a title therefor upon paying the sum of $1 per acre in four equal annual instalments, the first one year from the date of record. Persons desiring:to acquire land under’ this law must observe the following requirements :.
1st. The land applied for must. be staked off with posts at-each corner not less than four inches. square, and five fect above the ground, and marked in form as follows ; (A Bs) Land, N.E. post. (A b's) Land, N.W; post, &e...00 0
2nd. Applications must be made in writing to the Land Commis- sioner, giving a full description of the land, and also a sketch plan — thereof, both in duplicate, and a declaration under oath, made and filed - in duplicate, that the land in question is properly subject to settlement by the applicant, and that he or she is duly qualified to record the - same, and a recording fee of $2 paid,
3rd. Such homestead settler must within 30 days after record enter , . into actual occupation of the land so’ pre-empted, and continuously reside thereon personally or by his family or agent, and neither Indians or Chinamen can-be-agents for this purpose. ’
Absence from such land for a period of more than two months continuously or four months in the aggregate ‘duting the year sub- fect it to forfeiture to the Government. Upon payment for the land as specified, and asurvey thereof at the expense of the settler, a Crown grant for the same will issue, provided that in the case. of an alien
he must first become a naturalized British subject before receiving title.
Homesteads upon surveyed lands, may be acquired, of the same extent and in the same manner as upon the unsurveyed, except that the. applicant is not required to stake off and file a plat of the tract deSired:”: :
~s
‘.
Xs,
600 feet wide.
By the Canadian, Pacific Ratlway. . ; 69
Unsurvey ed, unoccupied, and unreserved Crown Jands may be purchased in tracts of not less than 160 acres for $1 per acre, cash in full at one payment before receiving title by complying with the following conditions :—
ist. Two months’ notice of intended application to purchase must be inserted at the expense of the applicant in the British -Columbia- Gazette, and in any newspaper circulating in the district where the land desired lies, stating name of applicant, localities, boundaries and extent of land applied for, which notice must also be posted in a cOnspicuous+ place on the land sought to be acquired, and on the Government office, if any, in the district. ‘The applicant must also stake off the said land as required in the case of pre- emption, and also have the same surveyed at his own expense, , ran Sury; eyed lands, after having been offered for sale sp public auction for one dollar per acre, may be purchased for ‘cash at, that price.
THE MINING. LAWS
Provide that ev ery persor over sixteen years of age may hold a mining claim, after first obtaining from the Gold Commissioner va Free Miner's Certificate or Licence. -at a cost of five dollars for one year and fifteen
‘dollars for three years. Ever ininer ‘locatin a claim must record the J x g .
samen the office of the Gold Commissioner, for a period of one or more pears, pay ing therefore at a rate of 82.50 per year.
‘Every free miner may hold at the same time any number of claims by purchase, but only two claims by” pre- emption in the same locality,
- one mineral claim and one other claim, -and sell, mortgage, or _ dispose
ofthe same, eS
The size of claims are as follows :-~— oa
The bar diggings, a strip of land, 100 feet wide at high-water mark and thence extending into the river to’ the low est water level. -
For dry diggings, 100 feet square. ‘
Creek claims shall be roo feet long measured in the ‘direction of the general-course of the stream and thall extend in width from base to base of the hill, or bench .on each side, but when the hills or. benches are less than 100 feet apart, the claim shall be 100 feet square.
Bench ‘claims shall be roo feet square. an
- Mineral claims, that-is- claims containing, or supposed to contain: ~ mineyals (other than coal) in lodes or veins, shall be 1,500 feet long by
?
‘States. The. people generally. -entertain’a
70 | + From Orean to Ocean
Discoverers of new mines are allowed 300 feet in length for one discoverer, 600 feet for two, 800 for three, and 1,000 in length for a party of four. , .
Creek discovery claims extend 1,000 feet on each side of the centre of-the creek or as far as the summit.
Coal lands West of the Cascade Range in tracts not tess than 160 acres, may be purchased at not less than ten dollars per acre, and similar lands East of the Cascade Range, at not less than five dollars peracre. °° Sot
THE GOVERNMENT AND THE PEOPLE.
British Columbia is governed bya Legislative Assembly of twenty- five members” elected: by the people every. four years. The Lieut.- Governor? sanid“a council of three Ministers constitute the Executive body, Hon. Wiliam ‘Smithe, Premier, Chief Commissioner of Lands and Works, Hon. Minister of Finance and Agriculture, Hon. Theodore Davie,
“Attorney-General, Hon. John Robson, Provincial Secretary and Minister
of Mines, being its present officers. Political and. Religious freedom, free public schools, liberal homestead pre- emption and mining privileges, are guaranteed and secured by the laws. Justice is firmly administered,
‘good order prevails, and life and property are secure throughout the
Province. So far'as the Government is concerned, there has been nothing ‘to remind me that I.have crossed the liné into the Queen’s Dominions, excepting the glad demonstrations of welcome accorded the Governor-General, the, Marquis of Lorne and the Queen’s daughter,
Princess Louise. . There is the same freedom of opinion, and outspoken criticism of public men and measures ; el 1s. are conducted with the’ same partisan ‘zeal, and the Press is just Medabusive as in ‘the United friendly feeling: toward
the United States. The portraits of George and. Martha Washington, |
- Lincoln, Grant, Sheridan, Garfield, and other distinguished Americans,
are often seen hanging upon the walls of both public and private houses in all parts of the Province, together with those of members of thé Royal Family. The population is quite cosmopolitan and liberal in their.” views, ” Stopping at-an inn in the. Interior récently, it was found that
~ each of the seven. white persons present, represented a different nation- ‘ality. The popular feeling is strongly opposed to Chinese immigration,
the present Provincial Government refusing to employ: any Chinamen upon the: ‘public works.
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. . om THE INDIAN. NATIONS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA.
Afford a most interesting study for the ethnologist. They are eleven in “number evidently of Asiatic origin, comprising altogether about- 35,000 souls,—the ‘T’simpsheean's, Quackew eth, and Hydah nations -being the most populous. The West Vancouver. and: the Hydah Indians of “Queen Charlotte Island were foruterly quite hostile. to the whites, having -cruelly murdered several. ships crews. cast upon’ their shores’; but through. the influence of missionary training, several severe chastisements. _ by English gunboats, and their humane liberal treatment by the general Q government, they are now quite friendiy. I have visited most. of the principal tribes during the, past season, and have always been cordially received in their houses or wigwams.
_ They are generally much inferior both in stature and -form to ‘the white race. A few ‘of the Queen. Cliarlotte Hydah’s are fairly good- looking, and well formed, though it would require an exceedingly fertile and -romantic imagination to discover among, -thes¢ people a single specimen of the beautiful. Indian maiden, we have all read about, but so few have ever seen. ‘They are almost entirely self-supporting, — g not alone upon the wonderful fish and game supplies of this region; bifXig many instances cultivating farms and raising cattle and horses. Larg&numbers are also employed by the salmon fisheries. and. ‘canneries, lumber mills, steamboat. lines, and railroad contractors, and are considered superior to Chinese labourers.
.M. Duncan’s remarkable work at Metlakatlah, w here he has colon: ized over a thousand of-the Tsimpshééans, who now live in good. houses, worship in a $10,000 church of their own erection, school their children,
“operate a salmon cainery, a sawmill, and engage in other: self-support- ‘ing pursuits, demonstrates the possibilities attainable by well directed efforts for their civilization: ‘upon a Christian basis.
‘o . . THE PRINCIPAL CITITS, TOWNS AND SETTLEMENTS IN ‘BRITISH ‘ COLUMBIA : 7
1
“Are Victoria, Esquimait, Saanich, Cowichan,. Nanainio, Wellington, Comox,’ Fort Rupert, and Sooke, on Vancouver: Island; New West- minster, Vancouver, Hastings, Langley, Sumass, Chilliwltack, Hope, Emory, Yale, Lytton, Lillooet, Cash Creek, Cook’s Ferry, Clinton, Lake La Hache, Soda Creek, Quesnelle, Stanley, Barkerville, Savona’s Ferry, ‘ Kamloops,’ Tranquille,, Grand Prairie, Salmon: River, 2Spallumcheen, Okanagan, - Mission, , Cherry Creek, Eagle Pass Landing, Farwell, '
72 from Ocean to Ocean
Similkameen, Port Essington, Rivers’ Inlet, Metlakathla, Fort Simpson, arid Cassiar, on the Mainland, containing altogether about fifty thousand — inhabitants. oe Ro,
THE BIG BEND COUNTRY, THROUGH THE suytec RANGE OF MOUNTAINS. ; : : ; \ - _—_ . . . . . From the-First to the Second Crossing of the Columbia. ;
The Columbia River, rising near the goth parallel, flows North-
ward for about two hundred miles, when sweeping Southward forms its
first Big Bend, entirely within the Province of British Columbia. ‘The region which it’ bounds, known as tlie Big Bend Countsy, ts about 80 miles in extent from East to West, and 200 miles from Wha to South, embracing the rugged Selkirk range of mountains, which rise from five
to nine thousand -feet above the sea... From_ its richness in ‘mineral deposits, extensive bodigyer valuable timber; and: wonderful scenery, this is the most interesting portion of country traversed by the Canadian | Pacific Railway, ‘
GOLD. .
Twenty years ago the richness of the gold. places of MeCulloch’s
‘Creek, a tributary- of the Columbia and its branches, attracted - gold hunters from all parts of the world, and gold has since beet found: in
every stream ilowing from these mountains. . Very: rich quartz veins have been discovered on McCulloch Creek. the present season, and there
Creek. About thirty claims had been taken in. this ptomising “yold
_ field at the time of my visit in July last. It is now easily accessible ;
from various points on the line of the C. P.. RvR.
. TIMBER AND FUEL RESOURCES. »
Gold Ranges of Mountains, accessible from’ the line of the Canadian Pacific Railway, notwithstanding the enormous quantities destroyed by forest fires, to build a house on every quarter section of land mm the North-West Territories, and supply every occupant with fuel for a thousand years. These great forests. are composed. mainly of cedar,
There is“timber cnough in the’ Rocky Mountains, Selkirk, and). ~
By the, Canadian Pacific Railway. ° 3
e
spruce, fir, and pine, though there .are considerable grow ths of poplar, birch, and cottonwood along the streams, especially in fheir lower " courses. “The largest cedars, several of w hich I esaue tg om 25 to3o feet-in circumference, ‘are generally defectivé fron ro to 15 feet at the base, but - being quite tall will, usually cut 3o.to 40 feet of sound timber. They split ‘with the greatést facility to any required length, and will be: especially valuable for shakes, shingles, &c. The soundest: trees are found or the foot-hills, and the best timber™ on "the entire line grows on the' Western slope of the-Selkirk Range.
- "MOUNTAIN FLOWERS.
! Thad entered the mountains in this Northern latitude’ prepared to. find the statemerits ‘ofsprevious travellers too rose coloured upon the subject of flowers. But there hasbeen no exaggeration in this respect for I saw them growing.in’ great variety everywhere, even Ww ithin a few feet of avalanches and glaciers.
14.0 we From Ocean to Ocean
» RONALD.
T the first crossing of the Colahbia is a small ‘Village of about thirty
houses, situated on a level Opening surrounded ‘by mountains from a t three to five-thousand feet in height, covered with a thick growth of pine
“and tamarack: ‘The bridge over the Columbia is 430 feet in length,.the, river being about one hundred feet,less in width. From thence: the. . railway follows down the:Columbia 12 ‘miles to the mouth of-the Beaver,.
ap the Reayer— 14 miles, Bear-Creek, 5. miles to the’ summit. of ‘the
‘Selkirk, and thence down the Illiciliwait to the second crossing: of the:
Columbia. Between, Donald ‘and the’ summit of the Selkirks occur the
_ highest, bridges on the line: First Mountain Creek bridge, 1 1056 feet.
Jong.and 153 féet high ; Cedar Creek, 270 feet long and 117 feet high ;
Raspbery, 120 feet long and 67 ‘feet high; Surprise, 430 feet long and 7
164 feet high: Cut Bank, 195 feet long and 71 feet high {Snow Bank, 146 feet log and 51, fect high: ‘Stoney, Creek, 490 feet long and 286 feet high ; and Cagcade: Creek, 350 feet long and 67 feet high.
ne DOWN THE TLLICILIWAIT? e
. For’ 46 miles from its - source, | the. railway “follows: dow this .
“impetuous roaring stream, crossing it no less than 13 tinies. ..It is ‘from
Range. of Mountains’ ‘along this stream and the line of the C. P.. R. July last, I “found it the most interesting country. ever visited. It not
only embraced the steepest’ mountains, biggest. avalanches and glaciers, ©
highest. railway bridges j in America, and the most whisky saloons and
hard Grinkers in proportion to ‘popilation, but ‘presented the most - remarkable scene of rapid railway comstruction I had’ ever With. | nessed.. The mountains swarmed. with men and teams levelling the...
: great forest: ‘trees, preparing the way with axe, pick, shovel, and d powder,
»
-~ one to two hundred feet in width in its. lower course, wi Vrocky ‘bottom -.. - and banks, and not navigable except for logs, which it will carry of any..’. size-into the Columbia, where it empties 6°miles below Farwell. It - _teceives several small streams’ which dash down the steep “mdyntains, often jumping precipices: ‘hundreds of feet.. Walking over the seni
" «
oe | By. the Canadian Pacific Railway. 95 by tunnels under mountains and .avalanches, and bridges over roaring. rivers, for the steam engine, the greatest developing and. civilizing.
"agency of the age. Fully ten thousand men were thus engaged, rushing
- the great work to completion. Men who had wintered in the Selkirks © told me that snow falls from’ ‘ten to twenty feet in depth, and remains. until June.. I walked over several avalanches, one a which - was over ‘600 feet wide and 60 feet, in-depth. - They level the forests in their “pathway, as if the giant cedars were only. dry stubble, not more by the mighty force of: the mountains of packed snow moving a mile 2 minute, ' .
' than by the velocity of the w ind currents they produce. — ~ d + . . .
}
:
&
7600 . | Fram Oc4ean ta Ocean
7 ; . FARWELL.
mt ee : T the Second Crossing of the Coulmbia River in its sudden crea- tion, character of construction, business and pope ation, is aty pical
“New World Western railroad town.
Itis situated on a level timbered plateau, immediately on the left
“bank of the river, and contains about 60 buildings and 300 people.
Mounts ‘Bigby and Cunningham raise their snow capped heads from seven to eight thousand feet above.
The'Columbia River, navigable to Death Rapids about 20 miles”
higher up, and upon which steamers row run regularly to Washington Territory, it crossed here by the railway ona fine five pier Howe truss. ‘bridge a thousand feet in length.
From Farwell the railway ascends the Gold Range, and thence down. the Eagle . ‘River to Eagle Pass Landing, about 43 miles. A
‘chain of beautiful lakes, extending | altogether ro miles, the largest?
peing about two and a-half miles in Jength, -cdmpose the head waters of “Eagle River. These, in travelling Westward, are named respectively, Ldkts Summit, Victor, Three Valleys, and Gri They are from
20 to 250 feet.in depth, and contain splendid specimen of trout! which, -
however, are not easily caught. Over these lakes we were ferried upon
' flatoats propelled Wit,great oars, before the completion of the rail-
. way: ‘There is considerable good cedar and spritce along’ the upper
' watérs of the Eagle River, but a dense growth of small cypress, birch and alder prevail in the lower valley.
ae . EAGLE PASS LANDING. -
Eagle" ‘Pass: Landing look’ as though it had tumbled, down the mountain on ¢ dark night i in a state of intoxication, and had not’ yet . sufficiently recovered to resume an upright and respectable position. ” Sixty wooden and tent enclosures face a narrow street, about half of «which are liquor: hells. The situation commands a charming view of ‘mountain, lake, an river, and being the. Western termintis of the wagon - road, will probably not altogether disappear upon the opening of the railway for through traffic.” oy ~.
Ly the Canadian Pacific Rails vay.
~ ~
‘KAMLOOPS.
° ¢ 9 ; So) ; (From “Deiter Travels in British Columbia and Alaska, i 1882.) a0: , Se Oa Cee ee
AMLOOPS situated at the furks of the North and South Thompson
“is one of the most impottant places in the “East Cascade region.
It commands the trade of a considerable portion of the richest grazing and agricultural sections of. the Province, the Nicola, Kamloops, Spal- _lumcheen and Okanagan country. The Kamloops district, which lies between the Gold Range of mountains on the East and Savona’s Ferry on the West, the North end of Shuswap Lake on the North and Okanagan Lake on the South, contained by the returns of 1881, 8,136 horned cattle, 1,108 horses, and 2,099 sheep. About 3,000 acres of Jahd were under cultivation, the average yield per acre being as follows Wheat, 1, 3¢0 Ibs., barley, 1,800 ,Ibs., oats, 1,500 lbs., peas, 2,000: lbs., potatoes, 1,800 Ibs., turnips, 18,000 Ibs., and hay, 2,000 Ibs. The largest stock raisers and farmers are J. B. Graves, Thaddeus
Harper, Bennett &. Lumby, Victor Guillaume, W. J. Roper, Duck &
Pringle, Wm. Jones, Hugh Morton, John Peterson, L. Campbell, Thos. Sullivan, Thomas Roper, Ed. Roberts, Wm. Fortune, W. J. Howe, A. ' J.. Kirkpatrick, Petér Frazer, James Stecle, Herman Wichers, Alexander, Fortune, Mathew Hutchison, George Lynn and John Edwards. Kam- loops was-first occupied by the Hudson Bay Company, their old fort still standing on the right bank: of the river opposite. In those days “s the Indian tribes were frequently at.war.with each other, and the serv- ,ants of the company~had to keep a sharp look out. for their. scalps. Rosana Shubert, daughter of Augustus and Rosana Shubert, who crossed ‘the mountains from Winnipeg in 1862, was the first white child born in the place. * "The flour and sawmill of the Shuswap Milling Company "is located here, James McIntosh, manager. -It has a capacity of fifty
# Sinee the advent of the C. P. R. Kamloops ‘has more than ‘doubled in size and populatlon, and wil’ always be the most, Important | eentre of (rade in the in.
.
-terlor of the ¢ Prov ince, . $ .
a
~
a
8, .. Lrom Ocean to Occan i
barrels of flour daily and manufactures the various grades of rough and dressed lumber. I am indebted to Mr. Tunstall, Government Agent at Kamloops, for much valuable information concerning that section. -
. ° THE OKANAGAN SPALLUMCHEEN COUNTRY.
Prairie, and Okanagan; returning through the. “Spallumehcen, Salmon River, Round and Pleasant Valleys.
a
On the 4th of October I resumed my journey through the South-
eastern portion of the Province. For eighteen miles to Duck & Priv-
‘gles ranch we followed up the South Thompson, passing through a. fine
pastoral and wheat growing country. M. Jacob Duck having. purchased the interest of his partner, is now the sole owner of this splendid estate, comprising 3,000 acres of the best grazing and farming land of this region, well watered, yielding five hundred tons of hay, and now stocked with a thousand head of cattlen”The valley proper is from one to one and
a-half miles in width, flanked by mountains, with gradual receding. foot-’
hills covered with bunch grass. From thence we rode cighteen miles South-eastward, over smooth, rolling mountains from u 550 to 2,600 feet in height, t to
GRAND PRAIRIE. - -
. h- . These-mountains are thinly wooded with fir and pine, and interspersed
with lakes, bordered by méadows and marshes. Grand Prairie is a rich
and pleasant opening, about four miles long and two miles wide, occupied by four settlers, Kirkpatrick, J. Pringle, Jones, and the Ingram heirs. There is room. in the light pine lands bordering it, for a dozen more families. Proceeding early on the morning of the. 5th, we soon crossed,
‘and then followed down the Salmon River for upwards of twenty miles,
through a rolling, pine timbered section. This stream then flows North
Into the Shuswap Lake, its: lower valley containing several thousand
acres of open, fertile farming land. Continuing South-Easterly, ten miles brings us to O’Keefe’s and Greenhow’s ranches, at the head of
“Okanagan Lake. They came jhere fourteen years ‘ago with limited ‘means, and dre now the owners, “each, of 2;000-acre ranches, and seven
‘ 1 : .
Fron Kamloops to Okanagan Mission, via Duck & Pringle’s Grand
“_
7
By the Canadian Pe cific Rastteay. 79
or: eight hundred hea st « cattle, w orth twenty-five or «thirty thousand duilars. We are now in the
(- OKANAGAN COUNTRY,
Which, together with the near lying valleys of Spallumcheen and Salmon River, embraces the largest. scope of pastoral and arable lands in one body, in South-Eastern British Columbia. .Okanagan Lake, the source _ of the Okanagan River, a tributary of the Columbia, is about eighty miles in length, and from two to three miles in width. -
Asurvey has just been completed for a.canal connecting the lake with ‘the navigable watets of the Spallamcheen, only about twenty miles from its head. Its construction would extend steamboat nav igation to within thirty miles of the Boundary Line or 4gth parallel, and greatly promote the rapid settlement. and development of naturally the richest part of the interior-of the Province. Reaching O’Keefe’s af noon and lunching hastily, I-walked four miles, and then mounting a powerful horse,
galloped thirty-eight miles South-on the East side of Okanagan Lake
and took supper at seven o'clock with Eli Lequime at THE OKANAGAN MISSION.
I rode through the most magnificent pastoral and farming region I -have seen since visiting the Walla Walla Valley of Washington. On - the right a low range of mountains about four miles in width reaching to the Eastern shore of the Lake extends most of the way.
They are covered with bunch grass from foot-hill to summit, and ; though lightly pine timbered afford excellent summer grazing. Im- mediately on the left lie a chain of beautiful lakes,extending Southw ard over twenty mules. First Swan Lake, surrounded by extensive
meadows, and splendid wheat lands with a grand stretch of rolling foot-
hill grazing lands, lying to the’ South-Eastward. Over this section under charge of Mr. Vance, range the six hundréd-horses of Hon. F. J. Barnard, M.P., the most extensive breeder of fine horses in. the Province. Here are also the ranches of Lawson, Andrew, and Lyons. Next comes Long Lake, eight or ten miles in length, and about a mile
“in width, with.a large scope of good grazing country surrounding its Northern shores. To the East lies the Cherry Creek settlenient, the home -
of Hon. G. Forbes Vernon, and Girouard, Deloir, Fllison, ‘Walker, Keefer, Duer, P. Bissett, Louis Christian and Williams. "A narrow strip - of land knowin as the Railway, separates Long Lake from Wood: Lake. ~- Tom Wood has a ranch and six hundred head of cattle on its South side.
aaa
>
Aa
So a From Océan. to Ocean - .
Now we reach the head of the Mission or
»OKANAG AN VALLEY,
Which is about fifteen miles long, and from three’ to four miles in width.
It was first occupied by Peter Lequime and wife, who came into the- valley almost dead broke from Rock Creek, twenty-two years ago, and. are now the owners of a thousand-acre ranch, 1000 head of cattle, ga-
store, ‘good, houses and barns, and thousands of cash besides. The soil
is a rich sedimentary deposit growing enormous crops of cereals and ° roots. Mr. Lequime says his wheat averages from twenty-five to thirty bushels per acre. Heé showed me a potato which turned the scale at ur pounds. . Fruit, melons, and tomatoes grow finely, and Indian corn stats reaches maturity. The climate is healthy, water good, and fuel abundant. ‘The Jakes abound with fish, wild geese and duck. _ There are about twénty white settlers in the valley, engaged principally i stock raising, though farming several hundred acres. First” below Woods’ is the. Postill ranch of 800 acres, beautifully situated upon Postill Lake. “They have soo head of cattlé,‘100 horses, and cultivate 150 acres. Their-neighbor, Fulton, was digging potatoes, which-he esti- muted would yield over 500 bushels to the acre. He had farmed in the East and in California and never saw suchacrop. T hen, follow the ranches of Jones, Whéelan, Fulton, McGinnis, Simpson, Lacerte, Bicherie, Brant, Moore, Simpson, Ortolan, Jos. Christian, Ei Lequime, McDougal, and: Hayward in the order named. Two settlers, Fronson and Brewer, live in Priest- Vi; alley, and three white men, Major Squirés, Copp, and ‘Hermann, are gold mining on Mission Creek, about seven'miles above the Mission. There are about 4,000 head of cattle in. the. Okanagan Valley, and 6,000 in the seventy miles of country between the Mission and the Boundary Line. The Government wagon road terminates at
‘Lequime’s, from whence pack trails lead over the mountains to the
Custom House, and 160 miles to Hope on the Fraser River. On the morning of-the oth, I rode forty-two miles to O’Keefe’s, horseback, then five miles by‘ wagon, when a walk of seven miles brought me to the. Lambly ranch in the
SPALLUMC HEEN, VALLEYS
‘
The. choicest body of farming lands in this whole region. .The Spallumcheen or Shuswap River rises in the Gold Range of mountains,
_and flows into Shuswap Lake, ‘gnd. from thence into the South Thomp- . 4 ‘ .
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 81
son. It is navigable for steamboats to Fortune's’ Ranch, about 25 miles “from its mouth. . Undulating lightly timbered pine lands, several miles in width, extend nearly the whole distance. There are occasional small openings, the largest, occupied by” Mr. Dunbar, containing upwards of © three hundred acres. He is the only settler upon this large tract, which will furnish farms for at least one hundred families. The soil is a deep clay loam, and the rainfall sufficient to’ secure good crops without irriga- - tion, - But the most beautiful portion of the Valley of the, Spallumcheen does not lie along the: river, but beginning at Spallumcheen Landing extends South for fifteen miles, with an average width of 214 miles.’ It contains about 3,000 acres of level prairie opening, ‘exclusive of Pleasant Valley and Round Prairie, comprised within the same valley but separated by narrow belts of pine. The soil is a deep clayey loam, producing on an average one ton of wheat per acre. ‘and abundant crops of all the cereals and-roots grown ia this latitude, and without irrigation. .The climate is salubrious, water good, winters of moderate severity, the snow fall usually about two feet in depth, Mr. A. L. Fortune and . Mark Wallis, its: first” settlers, in 1866 took possession of the fine farm! of 320 acres - now: owned by the former. He cultivates 200 acres, and has 200 head‘ of cattle, 30 horses, &c. ‘There are about 1,500 acres improved in the ¥ Valley, Hermann Wichers, E. M..Furstenau, Frank Young, G. W. Wallace, A. Shubert, H. Swanson, W. Murray, D. Graham, J. W. Powell, and the Lambly brothers being its other - occupants. *
A Ride Through the Salmon River Valley, Okanagan Ludian Reserva- ‘ tion, and Round Prairie. An Intervices with His Excellency the- Governor-General, the Marquis of Lorne.
The Salmon Riyer, rising in the mountains South-East of Kam- loops, in its lower course rung parallel with and ‘about ten miles from the Shuswap River, emptying into the. lake of that name.. It embraces from three to four thousand acres-of prairie and rolling foot- hills, and: a much larger body of-operi pine land easily cleared for farming. purposes. The ‘soil is a’ deep dark sandy. loam, producing large crops without - irrigation. It is occupied by the Stéel Brothers (James, Thomas, and .W. B.), Matthew Hutchinson, Geo. Lynn, Donald Matthews, A. C, Wilkie, and Thomas James, 320 acres cach. They cultivate altogether
.! Melly oN
pe
a
Pat
.
“< “trail seven miles across the Okanagan Indian Reservation, a rich bur
82 From Ocean to Ocean
about 400 acres, and raise a few cattle, horses and. hogs. Mr. James Steele has the best improved farm in the valley, and twenty- eight thorough-bred shorthorns.
Nr. A. Postill is building a: saw-mill on Deep Creek, where there is
_ aconsiderable body of good pine timber.. Galloping through it on the-
morning of October 9th, I overtook Wm. Richardson who was blazing the trees from his ranch to the main road. He-thought it was the best country in.the world for a poor man. Landing at Burrard Inlet four -years ago with one dollar and a-half, he had since earned by his ‘own labor one farm of 160. acres, partly paid for 320 acres more,shas‘.a smal] band of horses, and is entirely out of debt. A little further on my horse suddenly sprang forward, and.a small shepherd dog ran-by at full speed. Looking back expecting that his owner was following, great was my surprise to.sce a coyote wolf in full pursuit’ He stopped when about three rods off, sat down on his haunches, as if knowing that I was unarmed and perfectly harmless. When I advanced he retreated delib- erately, sitting down again when in climbing a very steep to dismount. ‘Reaching the summit I gave chase at
‘ seen a shepherd dog and wolf in company once before standing “gether upon the banks of the Rio Grande in Mexico. Riding on “miles to the head of the valley and turning Eastward, I followed a go
grass range capable of supporting 500 or 600 head of cattle, b
occupied except by a few Indian ponies. Descending the/foot-hills toward Lake Okanagan, oe / + . , THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL, THE MARQUIS OF LORNE,
And party, ex- -Lieitt -Governor Trutch and Col. DeWiiton, were | ‘seen Shooting in the distance. The Marquis is very popular with the people who came flocking in from the remotest.settlements to see him. His Excellency expressed himself to me as highly pleased with what he had - seen in the Province, and seemed to take a deep interest in- “its ‘further development and prosperity. . Mr. Campbell, of the (sovernor-General’s, staff, who accompanied the Earl of Dufferin on his visit to the Province, . was busy taking notes upon the resources of the country.’ He thinks’ the scenery of British Columbia. is the grandest and most beautiful he’ has ever seen. 1 returned . through Round Prairie, a very Beautiful Operiing of 500 acres, betweeti the Salmon River" “and” Spallumcheen
By the Canadian Pacific. Railway. 4. 83 Valleys. Messrs Jones, Kirkpatrick, Prindly. Clemenston and Shubert,
have secured this choice location. ,
‘
from the 25 allumeheen Valley te Messrs, Barnard and Vernon's a Ranches, via Pleasant Valley.
; Fromm Messrs. Bennett and Lumby’s farm to Mr Vernon's is about twenty-five miles. Zx route L passed through Pleasant Valley, a fine’ level prairie opening of 800 or- goo atres, lying’a mile and‘a-half to the’ 3 Eastward of the main road? In reaching it by a short cut across a *. swamp my horse suddenly sank belly deep, when, dismounting, we both floundered out covered with mud_and water. ‘I found the settlers, | Clinton & Murray, Edward Thorne, Hermann, Wichers, Donald Graham, and the Croziers in the midst of threshing. Mr. Murray gave me the yearly product of his ceréals for a term of six years, which shows an average yield of twenty-eight bushels per acre. . Being quite wet, to avoid. taking cold, I left my horse at O’Keefe’s, and proceeded from. y thence on foot. Four miles South-East of the head of Lake Okanagan, T took a trail leading along the East side of Swan Lake! At least
~ A THOUSAND WILD GEESE.
Were standing together on the shore. Two or three miles beyond, darkness overtook me, and after two hours’ unsuccessful search among the foot-hills for Vance’s, wet to my waist, [ found shelter in the cabin of a neighboring settler. It contained a single room alteady occupied + by two white men, two Indian women and their babes; but after ring- . ing and drying out for an hour before a roaring fire I laid down upon a mattres$on the floor until daylight. "Early in the morning I reached
HON. PF. J. BARNARD'S RANCH, ¢
And saw upwards of 400 of kis 700 horses now on the range. Sired. by Belmont, Morgan, and Norman,‘stdilions! théy are the finest animals I _ have seen. in the Province. Mr. Vance, for r4 years manager of the randh, says that they subsist throughout the year upon the-native grasses
elon
“tand have'suffered from cold and scarcity of feed only one winfer during
~~ that period. ~Five~miles further over a rich rolling country, compris-
ing several thousdad acres . of excellent wheat land; brought -me-.
Nr 1 F
Long Lake.- Near here two coyotes came leisurely down from
S4 i From Ocean to’ Ocean
to Hon. G. Forbes Vernon’s Ranch. It contains 2,500>acres. beauti- fully situated, between the mountains upon Coldstream, which flows into -
hills and’ circling round me within-a short: distance; réturned ‘up the.
_ mountains. They are quite numcrous, and catch large numbers of
small pigs and occasionally a young calf.
From Spallumchcen to ‘Kamloops by Steamer, tht ugh the Little and Big
Shuswap Lakes and down the South Thoutpson.
From the present head of navigation on the Spallumcheen River to Kamloops is about 125 miles. As previously stated, the building of a canal twenty miles in length from Spallumcheen to the head of Lake Okanagan would extend navigation over eighty miles further through the heart of the richest portion of the interior, of-the Province. The surface and soil of the country through which” it would pass Is very favorable for its ‘construction. On the 16th of October, having exhausted the time at my:disposal for éxamining the Okanagan and Spallumcheen - country; I took the steamer Spallumcheen for Kamloops. The smallest
of the three running upon. the upper waters, she is not. ‘of oceanic:
dimensions and being built exclusively for carrying freight, her passenger accommodations are.very limited. But her. deficiencies in this respect were the source of amusement rather than discomfort. Captain Meananteu, who was also engineer, mate and: pilot, kindly | shared his’ bunk with me, and when duties‘on deck called away the. Indian boy . cook and interfered .with the regular service. of. meals, I officiated as assistant, and so-we got along splendidly.
For.two days we slowly. steamed through a magnificent stretch of
“lakéS ahd rivers, amidst scenery of exceeding grandeur and beauty.
For a distance of twenty-five miles down the Spallumcheen, both banks
.are ‘lightly wooded with fir, cedar, white pine, poplar and birch.
Hazel bushes and highbush cranberries are seen growing near the river. The valley is from one to three and a-half miles. in width, surface
: generally level, soil a rich clay loam aad alluvial, and will afford homes
for more than one hundred families. Some portions will require dyking
"to the height of about three feet for protection against overflow. Should
the Canadian Pacific Railw. ay agpt the South Thompson and Kicking
o
_ By the Canadian Pacifie Railway. 8s
Horse Pass route these lands will-soon become quite valuable, When about half way down the Spallumcheen —
A DEER WAS SEEN SWIMMING ACROSS AHEAD OF US.
Giving chase, the frightened animal instead of turning back to the shore and escaping, plunged on directly in our course, until standing in the bow of the Déat, armed with a long pole, I was able to strike it a fatal blow on the head. ‘Our two Indian helpers sprang into.a canoe, seized and threw it on deck, an “acceptable addition to our larder.
Swan, wild geese, and duck were seen at almost every turn, but there were no firearms, not even a pistol on board. We tied up for the night on the shore of the lake, opposite a logging camp. The best timber found in this part.of the Province grows upon the borders of , thes¢ lakes and of the: streams flowing into them.” A party of Indians were catching fish by torch light near us. .Salmon arid trout were so
“numerous that I could count them by the dozens from the boat as we~ _advanced’in thé-morning. Reaching the Thompson River, the moun-
tains reced@: more gradually, the bare rolling foot-hills affording
" considerable grazing, and ‘occasional benches of arable jand, chiefly
occupied by Indians.
“6
From Kamitoops. to Cook's Ferry. through the Nicola Country.
The Nicola River. a tributary of the Thompson, is the principal — stream draining the mountainous region lying between the latter, and ~ Lake Okanagan on the Easte The valley is narrow and disappointing for the first twenty ‘miles, . bift then spreads out over the rolling foot-hills and mountains, embracing one ‘of the finest bodies of grazing country in the Province. Jt contains a population of about six hundred, four-. hundred of which. are Indians, : the. former being engaged chiefly in stock- -raising, owning at present gpout 8, 8,500. cattle, 1,500 ‘horses, and 1,200 sheep. The climate and soil are also well adapted to the ‘growth “~ of grain and root crops, upwards of a thousand acres being under culti- vation:by irrigation. A fair wagon road trail extends all the way. from Kamloops to Cook’s Ferry, the distance being a little over one hundred miles. - With the exception of John Giimore’s, express, which runs up the valley about half w ay from the Ferry with H. M. s mails, it is not’
oO
; ‘ : ..
86 a from Ocean to Ovcan
traversed by any regular conveyance. Starting out carly on the morn-
ing of October 18th, for nearly twenty miles I gradually ascended the - summit of the Thompson-Nicola divide through rich, rolling bunch
grass ranges, occupied by Messrs. McConnell, McLeod, Jones, Newman, and others. Then descending Lake River, the head waters of the Nicola, through Fraser's ‘and Scott's ranches, I stopped a few moments at Mr. William Palmer’s dairy farm. He milks thirty-five cows, churns by water-power, and makes an excellent quality of butter and yery good cheese, the former selling readily for 40 and the latter for 20 cents per pound.
From thence I ‘took a trail several miles Over a spur of the mountains leaving the fine ranches of .the Moore Brothers on the right.__ Soon - ‘I reach the head of Nicola Lake, a beautiful
‘body -.of. water € ending down the valley ‘for fourteen miles, - with an avetage W
idth of about one mile. The little village of
_ Quilchanna; consisting. of’, Joseph Blackbourne’s Hotel, Edward L g 1
‘floor, dirt roof, onés dim light of a tallow ot
O’Rourke’s store, Richard O'Rourke's blacksmith shop, and P. IL.
Anderson's store,: is situated on the East side. A. Van Volkenburg . .
owns a splendid 2,000 aére ranch here, stocked with 900 head of cattle: .
and Blackbourne, John Hamilton, Georgé C.. Bent, John: Gilmore:
Sanjuel Wasley, ‘Byron Earnshaw, and Patrick Killroy, osher. excellent
rangys in this neighborhood.
The Douglas Lake country, Hing to the Eastward, contains a con-
siderable extent of choice pasto al ands, owned by P. XP Beak, Hugh
’ Murray, L, Guichon, ‘I. Richardson, McRae Brothers and others. It is gaid that one of its most prosperous stock-raisers recently wedded a
‘lady. from the Golden State, and started with her for his, ranch. he
‘such large bands of fat cattle and wide areas of rich pasturage. Now-it is well known that some of these cattle. Lords dwell in habitations which would not be considered first-class for any purpose—single room, dirt sindow, low, small, dirty log cabins, where, in the adie, they make their slap-jacks, - as.Lhave seen
them, on the top of a-dirt) stove. The: “happy: couple, after a splendid
*.
wide through the beautifil country, ‘halt before’ a rough pile of logs
having the appearance ofastable. “What j is this?” the bride. asked, “This is my home—ou home,” replied the bridegroom. , “Home !
Home ' You—you cruel dectiver, you call that miserable hor el our
Pow
_fair bride had been led. either by. the overdrawn. ‘statements of. her. " anxious lover, or the natitral fancies of & youthful, inexperienced maiden to expect to be ushered into a mansion house becoming the possessor of
X By the Canadian Pacific Reaitaay.. 87
home . It may do. for” your home, but it will never be mine.” she exclaiméd with’ dramatic emphasis, and in spite of all entreaties, left him. _ then and ‘there and returned to the Sunny South, Nine miles further |
down the now narrowing valley. brings me to
NICOLA,
_Its principal'town. It is pleasantly situated near the foot offthe lake and comprises a neat litthe church and school-house, Pettit & Co.'s store, George Fenson's flour and saw-mill, and ‘several private residences. Leaving Nicola, the valley broadens _again for several miles, stretching
- across the river bfttoms and over the Westward slope of the mountains.
John Clappérto “A.D. G. _ Amiitage, Paul Gillie, Edwi in Dalley, John Chartres, Wm. Chartres, Wm. Voght and Alexander Coutlie are’ the principal settlers of,this section. The latter has one of the best places in the interior. From thence the valley rapidly narrows, and below the - Woodward farms and: mills,:to less than a mile in width, flanked by- precipitous, thinly pine wooded mountains. “There are small tracts of
3 arable and irrigable. lands, chiefly occupied by, Indians, James Phair,, sproprietor of the 22-mile house—z very’ comfortable, home-like inn—,
‘Being. the only ‘white settler for the last twenty-five miles. : I am informed
n by Mt. Thaddeus Harper and others, that there is a six-foot vein of good
“ bituminous coal i in the central portion of the valley, easily accessible, po nr 2
A ride from Kanlonp thi rough the Nor th Thompson Settiement.
The'T hompson River, the principal tributary of the Fraser, forks at -Kamlgops, the North branch heading near latitude 53 between the
Canoe River and the North Fork of the Quesnelle. It is navigable for_ _ light draught steamers to Pea.Vine,-a distance of about 125 miles from
Kamloops: One of the most favored routes. of the Canadian Pacific Railroad followed up this stream by an easy. grade crossing the Rocky
, -Momitaing through the, Yellow Head or Leather Pass. It flows between
mountains from three thousand to.six thousand feet in-height, generally sparsely wooded with fir, pine and cedar, though containing excellent” bunch grass ranges of considerable extent, The rolling ‘foot- -hills are -also. covered with bunch grass and sage, a fine quality known here as © wormwood _prevailing’ on the lower slopes and benches. - Cottonwood,
~~ alder and: birch grows along the immediate river banks. The valley is
»
eta
4
>
88 From Ocean to Occan
from one to two-and-a-half miles in width, and though specially adapted for grazing purposes contains several thousand acres of rich farming lands. ‘The soil is variable—gravelly upon the benches, with a fine deep alluvial on the bottom. The Kamloops Indian Reservation of about 23,000 acres at the Forks of the: Thompson comprises about 2,500 acres of its best arable lands. The valley has been occupied by whites since 1865 and contains at present ten settlers—Mclvors, Edwards, Sullivan, and Kanouff on the left bank, and Petch, McQueen, Gordony McAuley, and Jamieson on the right bank. They are engaged principally in raising cattle, horses and hogs, their aggregate stock amounting to about 1,100 head. Sullivan and Edwards have between four and five hundred each. Mr. Edwards farms upwards of 200 acres _ of rich bottom Jand. His wheat yields on an average twenty-five bushels per acre. There is room for a few more settlers in this valley. Mr. Sullivan says there are good cattle ranges in the mountain valleys as yet almost untouched. The stock-supporting capacity of this region must, hoivever, be’based upon the extent of the winter feed. This is greater than I had Supposed, and sufficient by the cultivation of the.tame grasses in the meadows, to carry a large number of cattle througl: the severest winters. On the 30th of September, furnished with a good horse by Mr. Tait, of the Hudson Bay Company, I rode rapidly over a pretty-good trail to Jamieson’s ranch, 17 miles from Kamloops on the right bank. Mr. Jamieson kindly ferried me over the river here which is three hundred yards in width, my horse swimming behind the boat. I was hospitably entertained for the night at Sullivan’s, returning to the Forks the following morning, crossing the South Thompson upon an Indian» flat boat. Since writing the foregoing Ijhave been informed that gold has been found in McAuley’s, Jamieson’s, and Lewis’ creeks, and a _ four foot vein of lignite coal upon the North Thompson Indian Reserva- tion, 70 miles from Kamloops.
' ; FROM KAMLOOPS TO TRANQUILLE, .
On the 3rd of October I crossed the Thompson River opposite the Hudson Bay Co.’s store, and rode eight miles Westward along the North shore of Kamloops to Tranquille. Low lands and green meadows from one to one-and-a-half miles in width, producing thousands of tons of hay, extend the whole distance on the left. These weré alive with ducks and wild geese. A low range of mountains sparsely wooded with pine upon the summits, with gradually sloping foot-hills stretch _ away on the right. There is a band of over 200 native horses living in
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. | ‘89
these mountains belonging to the Hudson Bay Co., said to be wilder than deer. They fly like the wind upon the approach of horsemen, but are sometimes captured by parties of Indians mounted upon their fleetest horses, and also in the winter upon snow-shoes, when the snows are deep. ‘Tranquille is the home of Wm. Fortune and his excellent wife, the former crossing the Rocky Mountains in 1862 and settling here 14 years ago. ‘Together they: have acquired a magnificent property, con- sisting. of.a splendid ranch ‘of 4oo acres (stocked with 250 head of cattle, roc horses, 100 hogs, and a choice band of sheep), a gristmill grinding eighty sacks’ of excellent flour a day, and a steamboat, The Lady
‘Dufferin, The T ranquille River flows through the place affording an .
excellent water power, and abundant water for irrigation. Mr. Fortune's garden is one of the best I have seen in the Province, growing in great . abundance and perfection a long list of fruits, berries, and, vegetables, including melons and tomatoes. Learning that there were placer
GOLD DIGGINGS ON THE TRANQUILLE,
Accompanied by Mr. Fortune I went three or four miles up the stream,
and was much surprised at their extent and production.. From twenty to thirty Chinamen have mined heré for sev eral years and are evidently doing very well.. The first one whom we asked to show us some gold, brought out several packages containing an ounce or more in each.
They build log cabins, cultivate gardens, raise chickens and. live here the year round on the best thg country affords. An ‘oven was shown me made of rocks and mud, w vhere they occasionally roast a whole hog, usually on their national holidays. * Mr. Fortune says that they fre- quently go home to China and bring back their relatives with them. Returning, Mrs. Fortune spread an excellent lunch of home productions, —meat, bread, butter, jams, jellies, tarts, fruits, etc. On the wall of the sitting room I noticed a first premium diploma awarded Mr. Fortune by the North and South Saanich. Annual Exhibition of 1879 for flour of his manufacture. John Johnson, an employee of the Hudson Bay Co., who, has been’in British Columbia for thirty years, took charge of my horse at the Forks and paddled me across to Kam- loops in a dug-out. He remembers but four severe winters during his
long residence in the Province.
{
~
~
go ‘From Ocean to Ocean
eo x
‘avons Ferry and Yan Horn, nna See ee
EAR the bank of the Thompson, where it flows from Kamloops Lake,
may be seen the cabin ofan Italian named Savona, who upwards
of twenty years ago rama ferry here, kept a small store, and flourished
until his cattle and horses covered the neighboring hills. He married
an Indian woman, and their fair daughter was won by a handsome half-
breed. Now, this son-in-law who of course came home to live with the
oe old folks, was gay and festive, and betwixt potlaches, horse-racing, and
gambling, most industriously engaged in while the stock held out, soon
so completely used up the parental estate, that Savona, dying, left noth- ag behind-but-hisname.—Wohile fishing for trout ia the Thompson River, +
a short distance below the lake, a young Indian woman, accompanying 4
party of them, lingered behind until her friends had passed out of sight
over the hills, and then proposed to assist me in catching trout.
Knowing that the native women are quite as ‘skilful as the men in fish-
“ing, I handed her the rod and line ; but after angling unsuccessfully for
a little while, the true inwardness of the desire of this artful child of
the forest was made manifest—and it was not to catch trout. Travelling alone among the Indians is still attended with great
danger for those susceptible to the charms of these wild” passionate girls of nature. ~ ;
Thave known a pious. young’ missionary to resign his post to escape froma their temptations, though such examples of virtuous resistance are exceedingly rare. The ordinary - frontiersman oftener prays to be led
_. into such temptation as soon as possible than otherwise. ‘The village of
_ Van Horn is beautifully situated onthe South shore of the lake, about _amile from the old ‘ferry... This ig.a delightful place of summer resort,
with all the advantages of a’ perfect climate, hunting, fishing, and boating. .
.-
aor - By the Canadian Pacific Railwa . 91
Cook's Ferry, or Spences Bridge. ee
EAR Cook's Ferry the road crosses the'great mud slide. or moving mountain, which a railroad engineer said was sliding toward the river at the rate of elght feet a y ear. Iam well acquainted with Mortimer Cook, who immortalized himself, and made a fortune here, in the: days when Cariboo was rolling out her fabulous wealth, by ferrying over the armies of gold hunters rushing N orthward. A man of remark- able energy and exceptional ability, he rode into this country poor, on a nule, and out of it in good-sty le a few years later, worth’ his thousands, added to them by: successful operations in the West, invested all in.” California, flourished, became banker and Mayor of the,iost. beautiful
. city on the Southern coast, and then, in the general financial crash of
1877, turned every thing over to his creditors, like a. man. The place. is now qitite avdtttle village, and being situated at the’ entrance to the . Nicola country, wilkalways prosper: Mr. John Murray,* an old time resident, owns a fine property and ranch here, upon which, in addition to excellent grains, vegetables, apples, cherries, plums, and berries, he has grown this’ season, grapes, which, he. says, the Marquis of Lorne pronounced equal to any. raised in the Dominion. Crossing the Thomp- son River, on Spence’s Bridge, J proceeded thirty miles to Cache Creek, past Oregon Jack’s, and through
ASHCROFT,
Lieutenant-Governor Cornwall’s splendid estate. The mountain valleys
“to the Westward contain excellent summer stock ranges, and the rolling 2 dD a
river slopés, considerable tracts of arable Jand, producing large crops by irrigation. Thé nager of the Governor’s place told me that they raised 19.500 nauk af of wheat.from six acres, or over fifty bushels per acre, and that thirty-three bushels is their average yield. A few miles beyond, Antoine Minaberriet owns a fine ranch of 2 2,030 acres, with
"Since the toregoing wis written, Mr. Murray has expended several thousatid’ dollars, In the suecesstul establishment. of the ‘iiost. extensive and reliable fruit nursery.ot the Interior, and in bringing an abundant, supply of exeellent water from the mountain. The Morton House, situated here, will be round a very com- fortable home-like place. There ts execllent hunting and trout fishing in the near
neltghborhood,
theo,
a
o 92 From Ocean to Ocean
400 improved, fourteen miles of irrigating ditches, where he has made a fortune by stock-raising. He sold $4,000 worth of cattle last year, and has now goo on the range. Between his place and
CACHE CREEK
I came near stepping on a rattlesnake, which gave the alarm just in time to‘enable me to jump out of reach of its poisonous fangs. Procur- ing a sharp stone, and approaching as near as prudent, by a lucky throw I nearly severed its vemonous head. It was about three feet in length, with six rattles. They are not mimerous, being seldom seen in the course of ordinary travel. Cache Creek is situated on the Buona- parte, about six miles from the Thompson River. I rode through this rich, pleasant valley with Mr. Thaddeus Harper, who owns 25,000 acres of land, large bands of cattle and blooded horses, improved farms, gold _
- mines, flour-and saw-mills, town sites, &c. It contains about 2,500
acres of very’ rich soil, principally owned by Harper, Wilson, Van~ Volkenburgh, and Sanford. ‘Stopping a moment where wheat threshing: was in progress, I found the berry to be exceptionally large and white. Returning to Cache Creek, I rode 275 miles further North to Barkerville upon the excellent stages of the
BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPRESS CO.,
Their line running the entire length of the great Yale-Cariboo Wagon Road, first established as Barniard's Express in 1860, was incorporated as the British Columbia Expyéss Company in. 1878, Mr. Frank J. Bar- nard, of Victoria, being its managing agent. . Horses and men were used at first for its traffic ovef the rough and difficult mountain trails. At Boston Bar, I was told aboyt two Indians who once sought refuge at an inn near the Suspension Bridge, after having been covered up and roughly handled by an ayAlanche. As they were leaving, it was noticed that they shouldered Dfavily.weighted’ sacks. Upon enquiry, it was found that they were ph carrying eighty pounds of gold dust for the com- pany, which they safely delivered to Mr. Dodd, its agent at Yale. But stages were substituted in 1865, and for eighteen years it has been one of the best equipped and managed stage lines upon the Pacific coast. It is stocked with splendid horses raised by Hon. F. J. Barnard, M.P.,
the largest owner in the company, upon his extensive horse ranch in the Okanagan country. These spirited animals are frequently hitched up, wild from the range, ahead of trained ones, and though dashing away at
By the Canadian LPacifie Railway. — - 937
full gallop, up and down hills for miles, over the most frightful mountain roads, are so skilfully managed hy careful and experienced drive ers, that ’ accidents seldom ‘occur. -
_ A ride of twenty-six miles in a North-Westerly direction, fourteen up the valley of the Buonaparte Creek, lightly wooded with cottonwood. and poplar, and containing about a thousand acres of rich arable
-bottoms, exclusive of meadows; and thence across Hat Creek along the
sliores of beautiful lakes, golden bordered with the autumn foliage of the |
poplar and-vine maple, brings us to “CLINTON. »
; Iti isa pleasant village of about one hundred inhabitants, two good _ inns, several stores and shops, situated at the junction of the old Harrison River, Lillooet, with the Yale-Cariboo road. Within a radius of thirty miles there are summer stock ranges of considerable- extent, especially in the Green- Lake country and. Cut- off Valley, and arable lands producing annually about 30,000 bushels of wheat and other grains. Late and early frosts frequently cut short the root and vegetable crops, though this season’s yield was most abundant. Mr. Foster, the leading merchant of this section, showed me a potato grown near town _ which weighed two and three-quarter pounds. . From twenty-five to thirty thousand dollars’ worth of gold dust is sluiced out yearly by
Chinamen and Indians along the Fraser and tributary streams within
‘sixty miles. The Big Slide quartz lode, owned by Mr. F. W. Foster, is
reported immensely rich, assaying from $40 to $1oo per ton, About’
$20,000 worth of furs are purchased here annually, principally beaver. “ A-small: rapid mountain stream flows through the village into’ the Buonaparte. A few years ago it was stocked with trout, and so rapidly have’ they increased that a fellow passenger, Mr. Andrew Gray o Victoria, ‘brought in forty splendid specimens after an’ absence not exceeding two hours. For fifty miles beyond Clinton we pursued a North- Easterly, course over a rocky surfaced mountain divide between the Fraser and the Thompson,. lightly wooded with black pine, spruce, and tamarack, known‘as the Green Timber. Near the summit, at an
elevation of 3,660. feet, we pass ' within sight of the Great' Chasm, ay
remarkable rent in. the mountain nearly a’ thousand feet in depth, perpendicular walled, with two lakelets gleaming through the pines‘at the bottom. ‘At Bridge Creek there is a pleasant prairie opening of six or seven hundred acres with meadows bordering, owned by Mr. tamil:
i
x
94 a From Ocean to Ocean
ton, and used for dairying purposes. “Soon we are following down the Salmon and San Jose’ Rivers through” ,
THE BEAUTIFUL LAKE LA -HACHE COUNTRY.
It. embraces an extensive scope of excellent summer stock ranges only partly occupied. . The winters are very severe but dry, and the snow-fall moderate. At Lake La Jlache, a charming sheet of water,
~ scores of trout were seen ‘jumping out, their full length. A son of Mr. Archibald McKinley, a former factor of the Hudson Bay Company, who — owns a large stock ranch here, said that they could be caught by the
* boat Joad. On we whirl, at a seven mile trot, through poplar openings
interspersed with small lakes, bordered by hay meadows. At the head of Williams Lake we leave two of our passengers, Sister Mary Clement and het companion, of the St. Joseph Mission.. Ex rowfe from kam- . loops with a settler of that section, his horses took fright, threw him - out, and dashed away at full run with the Sisters for over three miles ‘at the imminent peril of their lives. With remarkable presence of mind they seized the reins, sat down on the bottom of the wagon and held on for dear life. At length, but not until the horses had begun to slacken their’ speed from exhaustion; a horseman, who had. witnessed” ‘the runaway froma distance, dashed up to the rescue. At the 150-mile House we stopped fora late supper, fresh horses, and a fewshours’ rest. "A fire broke out in the kitchen of the hotel just as we had got fairly owed away ina far off corner of the second story, and sound asleep. ‘I awoke first and arousing my bed-fellow, Mr. Gray, we jumped into
our clothes double-quick and explored our way through a narrow, smoky
passage dowh stairs. ‘By hard work the flames were extinguished, but: . there was no more sleep that night. Mr. Gavin Hamilton, for a long time an agent of the Hudson Bay Company at.their extreme North-. Western. posts, owns in company with Mr. Griffins, besides the hotel, a _ large ranch, a store, flour mill, &c. ~They estimate that 500,000 pounds of grain are raised in the neighborhood. A trail leads sixty miles North- ° East to the Forks of Quesnelle and from thence to the neighboring | mining camps. oe
A rapid ride of twenty-eight miles the following morning brought us to -
" SODA CREEK,
A small. town situated on. thé: left bank ‘of the Fraser at the mouth of the creek of. that name. Mr¥ "Robert McLeese, M. P. P., and Mr. P. C.
‘
. over the terraced pine and poplar wooded bluffs lies the”
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. — “95
Dunlevy, are the principal traders. The latter presented me with a | potato grown near Mud Lake, which weighed three pounds nine ounces. ° Here: we made connection with the steamer Victoria, owned by Mr. McLeese, which during the summer months runs to Quesneile,
about sixty miles above, at present the extreme North-Western steam- boating upon the Continent. Capt. Lane, commanding, 1s a gtandson of Gen. Jo. Lane, of Oregon, and well-known in connection with daring steamboat: exploits. The navigable stretch of the Fraser abounds in subjects of interest. Numerous parties of Chinamen Were seen placer
mining on the bars and benches. | Twenty miles out we pass Alexandria, — ‘an old fort of the- Hudson Bay. Company, but now abandoned. and a:
few miles beyond, the well- known Australian and Bohanan Ranches, ithe most extensive grain farms in Northern British Columbia, raising upwards. of 400,000 pounds of wheat. and oats yearly, and considerable
quantities. of apples, plums, and other fruits. Away to thé Westy ard / : J
\ / CHILICOTIN COUNTRY, ° 7 7
Which embraces several hundred thousand acres of rolling prairie, undulating, lightly timbered forest plateaus, as yet unoccupied except by
a few Indians, and by bands of cattle ‘in summer. Steaming slowly up
the rapid stream, past Castle Rock, Cottonwood Canyon, and . the pyramids, at five o’clock, P. M., the 2 22nd, we arrive at
QUESN PLE. . . ey
The town is very pleasantly situated on-the left bank of the Fraser; at, the mouth of thé Quesnelle, and contains about fifty white inhabitants,
fifty buildings, two hotels, several stores, shops, &c. The Hudson Bay ”
Co., J..R. Skinner, J.C. F., and the firm of Reed and Hudson, carry large stocks of merchandise and do an extensive trade. The Occidental ‘Hotel, Mr. John McLean, proprietor, is one of the best in the upper
country. Here we resume our journey by stage; and before daylight, ;
the 23rd, are on the home stretch for. -
THE: GOLD FIELDS OF CARIBOO.
"Twenty-two years ago ‘the advance of the bold and hardy prospectors, following up. the rich digging of the lower Fraser, penetrated as far ‘North as the Forks of the Quesnelle. Here Keithley struck: it rich ‘upon the Creek of that name, and then followed in rapid succession those
. EN , j 96. ” From Ocean to Ocean / remarkable discoveries which made Cariboo so famous in the history of ‘gold mining. Antler Creek in 1860,.and Williams, Lightning, Lowhee, Grouse, Mosquito, Sugar, Harvey, Cunningham, Nelson, Burns, and Jack of Clubs, in 1861, and then Stouts Conklings, McColloms, Beigs, Stevensons, Chisholm, Van-Winkle, Last Chance, and Davis Gulches in 1862, poured. out their long hidden treasures by the million. The _ reports of their wonderful wealth spread like wild-fire; and miners rushed : in by the thousands from all parts of the world. Victoria was like the encampment of an army of 20,000 men, and ‘Yale of 5,000 more. At that time the whole of this immense interior region was an almost unknown wilderness, without roads, and untfodden except by the native Indian tribes and the yeatly pack trains of the Hudson Bay Company. Over the 4oo miles from Yale to’ Cariboo, ‘over the steep and perilous’ Cascades flocked the’ great eager throng, thousands on
foot, packing their blankets and provisions, fording rivers, wading deep |
snows, sleeping onthe ground, énduring untold hardships by cold and heat, hunger and fatigue, to reach the shining goal.
The rugged mountains of Cariboo became a beehive of miners exploring its rivers and creeks. Never were gold-seekers more liberally
“rewarded. Gold was found in unprecedented quantities.’ Three
hundred and forty ounces were taken out in one day by: drifting from one set about eight feet by three and a half-feet square-in ‘the Sawmill claim, originally.taken up Hon. R. Beaven, the present Premier of the Provi ince, and -his associates, Messrs. R. .J. Kennedy and Silas James,, and a big, broad- shouldered German named Diller cleaned up one night with 102 Ibs. of gold as the result of his day’s work! The aggregate yield of these wonderful deposits can never be known. Men who reached the diggings penniless, hungry and ragged, left them again in a
_-short time with a mule load of gold dust, For several years from 1861
to 1876, their anhual product i is estimated to have ranged from two to five million dollars, maintaining since 1872. yearlaverage of about. one and a-half million. But of the millions realized immense sums were
“absorbed. by the enormous expense of living and conducting mining
operations. The costs of transportation alone were so great that strong men earned from $25 and upwards.a day packing in supplies upon their backs. Provisions sold at almost incredible prices; flour from $1.50- to $2 per Ib., meats from Sr to St. 50, and salt, $1 per Ib. . I have. met an editor, Mr. Holloway, who published a, paper in Barkerville in those days, who received $1 per copy for a five-column sheet.: The postage ona lettér from Victoria to the mines was $1. _ Building materials were
By the\Canadian Pacific Railway. / OF
correspondingly high, lumber, $250 per thousand feet/ nails, 31 per
Ib.; &e. So , .
As in all great mining camps comparatively few cafried their riches (away with them. Hundreds made their tens of thos
them again in unsuccessful efforts to find a real bonanza. Others,
- bewildered’ by their suddenly acquired wealth, spent it as freely as if
- they were in possessiow of the philosopher's stone which converts
everything it touches into gold. I have heard of sich a miner who went
" into a public-house in Victoria, and without provocation, out of a spirit
of reckless extravagance, merely ‘to. show - his’ contempt for money,
_ dashed a handful of twenty dollar gold pieces. through .a costly mirror, , and then cooly piled them up before the astonished landlord and walked
away. Crossing the Cottonwood and ascending the mountains along - Lightning Creek, through the villages of Stanley and Richfield; by ten ,
o'clock we were rattling down the famous Williams Creek into a Pos ~ BARKERVILLE.
It is one. of the most interesting collections of human habitations ever
piled ‘together by the accidents of flood and the fortunes and mis-
fortunes of a great mining camp. "Built in the narrow bed of Williams Creek it has been so frequently submerged by the tailings swept down ‘from the hydraulic mines above, that it now stands upon cribs. of logs
‘from fifteen to twenty ‘fect above the original foundation. When the
floods break loose, the inhabitants man their jack-screws'and raise their
“respective buildings, each according to his views of the impending danger. As a. result the sidewalks of the town are a succession of up ‘and down stairs from one end to the other, with occasional cross walks elevated like suspension bridges.
ands, and sank .
e
gs a fiom Ocean to Ovcan
LYTTON,
Y ['TUATED onthe left-bank of the Fraser, just below the mouth of the Thompson, fifty-seven miles from Yale, is the first place reached after crossing the divide, and the second largest in the interior to Barkerville. Looking at the bare, brown, rocky foot-hills surrounding, one wonders what-can support its scores of, business houses, hotels and shops, and two hundred residents. Jt comes from: various sources, the rich Lillooet country onthe river above, railway construction, through travel and traffic, and the neighboring Indians. Mr. Seward and Thos. Earl have the most extensive and valuable improved ranches in this neighbor- hood, cach containing. fine. orchards. of-apples,.. pears, cherries, plums, etc. Mr. Earl says he gathered $100 worth of apples from one.tree this scason,-and one apple which weighed one pound and a-quarter. Here Mr. Patrick Killroy, the oldest-and’ most extensive resident butcher in the interior, told me that he had killed two, five, and six-year-old bunch grass fed steers, which weighed, dressed, respectively, 915, 1,336, and 1,400 pounds, and showed me the kindney of an:ox weighing 69 pounds.
“THE YALE-CARIBOO WAGON ROAD,
Another great highway, runs parallel with the Canadian Pacific Rail-' way through the Cascade Mountains on the opposite, or South side’ of fhe Fraser. .It was built by the Colonial Government, in 1862, at a cost of $300,000 to accommodate. the great rush to the wonderfully rich gald fields of Cariboo, and the travel and traffic resulting therefrom.
\. Beginning ‘at Yale it crosses the Fraser twelve miles above, over the
Alexander wire suspension bridge, a fine structure erected by Hon. Joseph W. Trutch, in 1863; at a cust of 342,000; From ‘thence it follows up the left bank. of the river to Lytton, then along the Thomp- son to Cook’s Ferry, which it crosses on Spence's bridge up the Buona- parte, through the Green Timber forest, down the San Jose,. through the beautiful Lake La Hache country ; again along the Fraser, across the
~ Quesnelle, then up the famous Lightning Creek into the heart of the
mountains and of the richest. mining camp 400 miles from Yale, 5,000 feet above tlic level Of the sea. Over the’ steep mountain. spurs, and
- across the wild canyons—62 bridges in 25 miles—along ‘the brink of -
frowning precipices thousands of feet above the river, and 3,000 fect - below the summits, it w ‘inds through the Cascade Range.
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. “99
Slides, avalanches, and floods frequently destroy portions of it; $39,000 having been expended for repairs upon the first fro miles in
1882. During the great flood of last June the water rose within four -
feet of the Suspension Bridge, which stands 88 feet above low water’ mark. Mr. Black, who has charge of the first section of the road, once saw an avalanche sweep entirely across the river, above Hell Gate, on to the mountain on the opposite side. He expended, one year, $2,500 in clearing the Snow from the first twenty-five miles of the road. I
walked over it by day and rode over it be night, and what, with the
grandeur of the mountains and canyons, the two great’ highways which
traverse them—only separated by the roaring river—the Indian villages
and burying grounds, the-old placer. diggings, the tents of an army of. Chinese railway laborers, the long processions of great freight wagons drawn by frony twelve to sixteen cattle or mules, and hundreds of pack
“animals filing by, driven by. Indians, carrying supplies info the. interior, it Was a journey of exceeding,#iftrest. At several points there were — ‘wayside inns, orchards, gardens; and meadows. Mr, H. B. Dart, of
Boston Bar, and Thos. Benton, of Kanaka Bar, show ed me apple, pear, and plum trees bending under’ their burdens of handsome fruit.
THE GREAT WORK OF BUILDING THE RAILWAY THROUGH THE CASCADE, MOUNTAINS.
a
Sdon_ after the consumation of the agrecment between the “ost
Dominian Government and_ the Syndicate, Mr. <A. Onderdonk,
an experienced railroad builder, became the managing contractor for . -
the construction of that portion of the Western division extending from Port Moody to Savona’s Ferry, a distance of two hundred and: twelve
‘miles, ably assisted by E. G. Tilton, Superintendent and Chief Engineer,
John, P. Bacou, Chief. Commissary, Gen, I. Kyle, Assistant-Superin- fendent, and other gentlemen. \it presented greater difficulties than have ever been overcome in railway building. *Thé. Union and Central
‘Pacific and other lines have. gone over the mountains by gradual-ascents |.
but no such way of climbing the Cascades was possible, and the w on.
‘derful undertaking of running ¢/rough them parallel with the. great
canyon of the Frazer, was. determined upon. For nearly. sixty ‘miles from Yale to Lytton, the river has cut through this lofty range, thous- ands of feet below the summits. | Mountain spurs of granite rock, with perpendicular faces hundreds of feet in height, project at short intervals.
‘along the entife passage. . Between them are deep lateral gorges, can- yons and plunging cataracts. On this sixty miles of tunnels, rock work
i
~<
100 From Ocean to Occan
‘
and bridges, the greater portion of Mr. Onderdonk’s construction army “of 7,000 men have been engaged since 1880. The loud roar of enormous discharges of giant powder has almost constantly reverberated among the mountains. Fifteen tunnels have been bored, one 1,600 fret in length, and millions of tons of rock blasted and rolled with the noise of an avalanche into the rushing boiling Fraser ; workmen have been suspended by ropes hundreds of feet down the perpendicular. sides of the mountains to blast a foot hold ; supplies have been packed in upon the backs of mules and horses, over trails where the Indians were accustomed to use ladders, and building material landed upon the opposite | bank of. the river at an enormous expense and crossed in Indian canoes. ‘As’ the work progressed the cost of transportation by such means ; increaged- “until Mr, Onderdonk determined to try. and run a steamer through the Grand Canyon of the Fraser to the navigable waters above to supply the advance camps. For this purpose he built the steamer Skuzzy. Then came the difficulty of finding a captain able and willing to take her tlirough. One after another went up and looked at the little boat, then at the awful canyon, the rushing river and the swift foaming - rapids, and turned back, either pronouncing the ascent impossible or refusing to undertake it. Finally Capt. S. R. and David Smith, brothers, were sent for, .both well known for their remarkable feats of steamboating on the upper waters of the Columbia. The former ran the stgamer Shoshone 1,000 miles down the Snake River through the Blue Mountains—the only boat, which ever did, or probably ever will, . make the perilous passage. He also ran a steamer safely over the falls of Williamette at Oregon City. He said he could take the Skuzzy up, and provided with a crew of seventeen men, including J. W. Burse, a:skilful engineer, with a steam winch and capstain and several great hawsers, began-the ascent. At the end of seven days I found them just below Hell: Gate, having lined safely through the roaring Black Canyon, through which the “pent up waters rush like a mill-race at 20 miles an hour. Returning from my journey'in the interior, I had the pleasure of congratulating the captains upon the successful accomplishment of the undertaking, and of seeing the Skuzzy start from Boston Bar with her first load of freight. Capt. Smith said the hardest tug of war was at China - Riffle, where, in addition to the engines, the steam winch, and fifteen men at the capstain, a- force of 150 Chinamen upon a third line was required to pull her over! The captains received $2,250 for their work. It would filllquite.a volume to describe in detail even the more _ important portions of Mr. Onderdonk’s great, work.
By the Canadian Pacifie Railway. — . IOI
| YALE.
ALE, a town of several hundred inhabitants, is situated at the head of navigation on. the Frazer River? ‘90 miles from Burrard Inlet, surrounded by a grand amphitheatre of precipitous mountains. In the early days of the gold discoveries in this region, Yale presented those scenes of wild dissipation and -reckless - extrava-
gance only witnessed in great and rich mining camps. An old *
miner, who, was stopped from working his claim when paying from six- teen to twenty dollars per day,, because encroaching upon the city front, told me that he seldom cleaned up without finding gold pieces which had been dropped from the overflowing pockets of men intoxicated with liquor, and excitement. It was nothing yicommon in those times to spend fifty dollars in a single treat around at the bar. It is now an orderly ptace, supporting churches and schools. There is still paying placer. mining on the river bencly opposite, though the place derives ‘its main support from the construction of the C. P. R. R., traffic with the
\
interior, and through travel. ‘ SALMON RUNNING AND CATCHING EXTRAORDINARY.
Thave read, with much allowance, accounts of the multitudes of salmon - sometimes: seen “in the smaller tributaries of the Umpqua, Columbia, and Fraser Rivers, but, after what I have witnessed to-day, am prepared to believe any fish story within the limits of possibilities. Arriving at Emory, five miles below Yale, two young men from San Francisco, reported immense numbers of salmon at the mouth of Emory Creek, a small, rapid mountain stream flowing into the Fraser just above. Going there I found it packed so full in places that J counted, while standing in one position on: the railway bridge, over four hundred’ different salmon. Mentioning the matter to a resident, he remarked, “Oh! that’s nothing. If you want to see salmon go fo the next ‘creek beyond.” Reaching it, after a walk of about four miles, -I counted, without moving: from the R. R. bridge, over 800 salmon. This stream plunges down ‘the mountain side with a.
~~
TPT
102 ae. From Ocean to Ocean
fall of, probably, one hundred and fifty feet within a mile and-a-half, being from five to fifteen yards in width. For a distance of several rods yip from its mouth, the salmon were crowding in from the muddy , Fraser, now again rapidly rising, almost as thick as they could swim, and in their desperate efforts to ascend the successive falls above, pre- sented a spectacle never before witnessed by the oldest native settler. Mr. John Woodworth who has lived here for twenty-four years, says he never heard of the like. The salmonis a fish of extraordinary strength and agility, and are said to jump and swim up perpendicular falls from ten to twenty feet in-height. I stood upon the bank an hour and watched them in their desperate struggles to make the ascent of several - of lesser size within sight. Of hundreds which made the attempt, only _ a few, comparatively, succeeded, but fell ack exhausted, splashing and whirling among the boulders. Many wer& covered with great’ bruises, -some had lost their eyes, a few lay dead upon the shore, others were dying, and all seemed nearly worn out. Stepping close to a pool filled with them, I easily caught fvo in my hands, which offered but little resistance. Before leaving, a photographer, Mr. D. R. Judkins, of New Westminister, arrived and took views of the remarkable scene. ' Mr. Daniel Ashworth, wife and family were-also present. Reaching * Yale I told a hotel-keeper about it, estimating the salmon at thousands. ““ Thousands !” he exclaimed, almost with indignation, “ Why, there are millions of them now running up the Fraser within a few miles of town.” Getting aboard. Mr. Onderdonk’s construction train I rode along the river to the end of the track. Millions was probably not much of an exaggeration, for although the river was quite muddy, schools of salmon, numbering thousands each,-could be seen from the platform of the cars, at short intervals, the entire distance. The Indians were catching and drying them in great’ quantities. . Standing upon. the edge of per- pendicular ledges, they capture the largest and finest specimens, either by.means of hooks or scoop nets, dress them upon the spot and hang them up on long poles to dry in the wind and sun. When sufficiently_. cured they are packed in caches made from cedar shakes, and suspended for safe keeping among the branches of trees from twenty to fifty feet above the ground. It is the opinion of those familiar with the habits of the salmon, that not-one in a, thousand succeeds in depositing’ their spawn, and that: if hatching places were provided upon these streams, and protected that they could scarcely be exhausted, under proper. restrictions as to catching them.
~~
By the Canadian Pacific Ratheay. 103 THE” GRAND SCENERY OF THE CASCADE REGION.
The grandest scenery on the Western n slope of the Continent i is formed by the passage of its. great rivers through the Cascade Range. When I looked with wonder and admitation upon the stupendous
-architecture of the mountains through which the Columbia has worn
her way by the flow of unknown ages, I though surely this scene can have no parallel ; but ascending the Fraser. above Vale. mountains just as rugged, lofty. and precipitous, present their rocky, furrowed sides: a stream as deep, swift, and turbulent, rushes headlong to the. sea, between granite walls hundreds of feet in height, above which rise, by every form of rocky embattlement, tower and castle. and terraced slope which the imagination can conceive, the snow-covered peaks of the Cascades. Great broad, deep paths, have been worn down the mountain sides by the winter avalanches ; crystal streams come hounding over their narrow rocky beds, sometimes leaping hundreds of feet, as if impatient to join the impetuous river below, enormous rocks stand out: threateningly in the channel, over and around which, the waters boil and foam with an angry roar; and thus above, and below, and on ev ery hand for more than fifty miles, extends this sublime exhibition of nature. THE FRASER RIVER, . The third largest stream flowing into the Pacific upon the Continent of North America, rising in the Rocky Mountains, drains, with its tributaries an area estimated at 125,000 square miles. reaching from the hundred and eighteenth to the hundred and twenty-fifth degree of longitude. The intervenir.g country embraces the greatest diversity of physical features, climates, soils, natural resources, and adaptations. F.ast of the Cascade Range, mountains, rolling foot-hills, and elevated plateaus, covered with bunch: grass, sage brush, plains, forest and table lands, with occasional prairie openings, are its prevailing characteristics. -It ts rich in. gold and other valuable minerals, contains- extensive stock ranges of unsur- passed excellence, and large arrears of arable lands excellently adapted to the growth of cereals, roots, and fruits generally. Irrigation. is necessary over a considerable portion’ of this region, ‘The summers ‘are hot, the nights cool and sometimes frosty’in the valleys and in the cle- vated plateaus; the winters dry and not unfrequently severe, though -
the snow fall, except in the mountains, seldom: excceds two feet in depth, "Crossing the Cascades its Western slopes and river valleys embrace :the
greatest variety of climates and range of productions, varying according
“
104 t~SCt«sC«dtO Ocean to Ocean
to altitude and local surface configurations. Forests of Douglas pine, . cedar, spruce, and hemlock cover a considerable portion. of this region, though there are extensive bodies of excellent grazing and agricultural land. But no general description can convey correct impressions con- cerning or do justice to this region. The climatic conditions existing in the same latitudes on the Auantic coast affords no guide in judging of those found here. The warm Asiatic ocean currents sweeping along the Western coast and through the. Gulf of Georgia modifies the*tem- perature in'a marked degree. It is one of the healthiest portions of the globe. Even the river bottoms and deltas are ‘free from all malarial “fevers. \
The delta lands of the Fraser are‘more extensive than those of any
"> other river flowing into the Pacific. Advancing up the South Arm, a
broad, rapid, muddy: stream, the tide lands stretch away for many ‘miles on either hand, extending from Boundary Bay on the East to’ Point | Gray on the West, a distance of thirteen miles, embracing over 100,000 acres susceptible of cultivation. Enriched by the silt and alluvial de-
,posits of ages, brought. down from the plains and mountain slopes-of
the interior, they are. famous for their inexhaustible fertility. They, generally require diking to the height of three or -four feet, for protec! tion against high tides, though escaping, almost altogether, any damaging — effects from the spring floods. Messrs. Turner & W ood, civil engineers and surveyors, at New Westminster, who have recently examined a tract of 4,500 acres near Mud Bay, estimated that it can be reclaimed’ in a body for 88,000, and that from two to four dollars per acre will securely dyke the average Fraser delta lands. Every one bears testi- mony. to. their exceeding fertility and durability. Hon. W. J. Armi- strong, M.P.P., informs me that he saw.a field which, after growing timothy ten or eleven years in succession, produced three tons per acre. He estimatedsthe cost of cutting, curing, and bailing at not exceeding four dollars per ton. These delta Jands-are also well adapted to oats, barley, and roots generally. They are offered in tracts to suit at from ten to twenty dollars per acre, and are being rapidly reclaimed and improved. - ;
THE SALMON FISHERIES AND CANNERIES.
Although salmon fishing and canning has been an important industry on the Pacific coast since 1866, and duringgthe last twelve years has, grown to immense proportions—a single firm on the Columbia River (Kinney’s) canning fifty thousand cases during the season of 1881—it
4 }
* By the Canadian Pacific Railway. # 105
is only a few years since the establishment, by Ewen & Co., of -the first
cannery on the Fraser. Now there are thirteen—the-Phcenix. English
& Co., British American Packing Co., British Union, Adair & Co.,
Delta, Findlay, Durham & Brodie, British Columbia Packing Co., Ewen
‘& Co., Laidlaw & Co., Standard Co., Haigh & Son, and the Richmond
; Packing Co., their aggregate product. during the present season amount- ing: to not less than 230,000 cases. The fish of Northern waters are of
a ‘superior quality, and their ranges for hatching and feeding so exten-
sive and excellent that the salmon, especially.if protected by. the Gov-
ernment, will constitute one of the great permanent resources of this
‘region. Before proceeding far up the Fraser we meet the advance of the numerous fleet of salmon fishing boats which throng the river for.a
distance of fifteen miles from its mouth. They are from twenty-two to
twenty-four feet in length, and from five to six feet wide, each furnished
“with a gill net, made of strong linen, from one hundred and fifty to two hundred fathoms long, and about forty halt- inch meshes-deep, and
manned by two Indians. 8
‘The daily catch per boat ranges from fifty: to three hundred solmon,
the fleet sometimes bringing in twelve or fifteen thousand. This season
the run has been so extraordinary that the-Delta Cannery put up 1,280
casés ina single day, and 6,600 cases in six days. Messrs. Page &
Ladner, the managing partners of the.‘tirm, showed me their product
for the last month, amounting to the ehormous quantity of 25,000 cases
OF 1,152,000 cans, covering every available space of the immense lower .
floor to the height of over five feet, the largest number ever packed by
any.one establishment during the same period of time.. Two hundred
and fifty barrels of salmon, or ‘about 1 133000, were also salted within the
_month. +
. 106 From Ocean to Ocean
- Mer Westnrinister,
aaeamanae
EW W FSTMINIST ER, the principal city of the Mainland, formerly
the capital of the Crown’ Colony, occupies a very pleasant and
commanding situation on the right bank of the Fraser, about fifteen’
miles from- the-mouth and 75 miles from Victoria. , ‘he site was chosen by- -CoL- Moody, i in 1$58, being then covered. with: a‘dense_ gi enormous cedars, some of which were tw elve feet in diameter. eo We “Armstrong, late Provincial - Secretary, erected the fir§t house [oa store ‘and dwelling—in ; March, 1859. This gentlema
““40-tie how” it came by its present name. Originally called Queen | )
Queensborough, a dispute having arisen between Gov. Douglas and | Col. Moody as to which should prevail, the matter was submitted for .
‘settlement to Her Majesty Queen Victoria, who decided against both by ‘substituting New Westminster.. It lies in thé heart of the great resources of the Province, surrounded by the most-extensive and richest bodies of agricultural lands, with large tracts of the finest timber near at hand, and in the midst of.fisheries so enormously productive that thirteen canning establishments within a radius of twelve miles, will put up over twelve million cans of salmon alone, the present season. Vessels drawing fifteen feet of water. reach New Westminister in safety at all times and find good anchorage and wharfage, and Vancouver, on Burrard’s Inlet, the best and most commodious harbor along these shores, selected as the terminus of the Canadian Pacific Railroad, is only 12 miles distant. The city contains a population of about 2,000 souls, good schools and churches, a fine Post Office and Provincial Penitentiary. free reading room and library is well sustained. . There are two local news- papers—the - British Columbian and Mainland Guardian—well. con- ducted and supported. At the hospital Mr. Adam Jackson, the courteous and efficient Superintendent, ‘after conducting.me-through the
several commodious and sunny wards, showed .me, in; the fine flower
garden attached, a sweet pea vine over seven-and a-half feet in height, --
and close -by, vegetables of surprising growth. Rheumatism and paralysis are the most prevalent of diseases among his patients. At the
| By the Canadian Pacifie Railway. 04
.
as qe
time. of my visit, just after pay-day among the canneries, the city was
full of Indians, representing all the various Mainland and Island tribes,
living i in canvas tents and huts, dressed in every conceivable mixture of “parbarous and civilized costume, one of the most interesting collections
- of human creatures ever seen on the earth. These Northern tribes are
generally good workers, and earn during the summer considerable sums’ of money which they spend freely upon whatever most: pleases. their fancey.. Many of their purchases, which the traders. said included almost everything, were exceedingly amusing, especially in the line of
‘dress goods. Sometimes a prosperous.buck will jump from a barbarous
into a civilized costume at a bound, and parade the streets ina black».
suit and white silk necktie, and everything except habits to correspond. . One Indian was seen proudly leading his little daughter whom he had.
gaily dressed in white, with a.blue sash, a pretty white waist, and a silk parasol in hand, but bare footed and legged. ' Though there were pro- bably upwards of a thousand Indians in the city I saw no disorderly conduct among them. Lam indebted to Capt. A Peele, a prominent druggist and apothecary of New Westminister, and Meterological Observer for the Dominion Government and Signak Officer for the United States, for the following valuable notes of the mean temperatures and rainfall at that place fora period of six years:— ; .
\e
December... cece vers
MEAN | HIGHEST © LOWEST’ RAINFALL . / TEMP. | ‘TEMP, i TEMP. : . ‘ . \ a \. © January. oo... 34! a7 : 7 7.26 ' February . . aT 18 6b. March... ; I. Wis os 18 B77. April. : Tt : 20 285° May... AA! g200C 3 2 a June .. 2 BST ST 338 DULY coc eecceceesseeeceee J BBS 42 45 August ...... a RA 44 September, 86 : S81 42 October vo... ccseceee 84 ri) 26 + November... ees . 40, it MW er). 54 s Ji .
108 From Octan to Ocean
PORT MOODY.
a>
CFrom Chittenden's Travels in Br “itish Columbia and Alaska a in 1882.)
”
a en ie
MMEDIATELY bordering the shore of Burrard Inlet are the largest
bodies of valuable fir timber in the Province.. Here great saw-mills: have been in operation since- 1865, exporting immense quantities of "timber, direct to all the principal Eastern ports of the world. Steam _ tugs-have been employed towing back and forth the numerous fleet of
vessels engaged in this trade ; of these the Alexander, Captain. Donald - --
Urquhart, commanding, is the largest, finest, and most powerful on the. Pacific coast. She was built at Port Essington, near the mouth of .the Skeena, in 1876, and'is 180 feet in length, twenty-seven feet wide, with two 400-horse power engines. Leaving the fine harbor of Esquimalt on the evening of the gth, With two ships in tow, she steamed along easily through the Straits and crossed the Gulf at the rate of eight miles an. hour.
At daybreak the following morning we were headéd directly for a lofty ‘snow-capped peak of the mainland,.beneath—which: flashed the. brilliant light of! Point Atkinson. The dark outlines of the grand old mountains were clearly defined against the cloudless starlit sky. Just before rounding Point Gray the rising sun gilded the snow’ covered summit of. Mount Baker, and of the Cascade Range. A_ large black . whale is rolliilg and spouting within rifle range on the right. Entering the inlet, Indian villages are seen on the shores, and two Indians paddle ‘by, making the woods ring with their salutations.. A dense forest of Douglas pine reaches down to the water's edge, except where leveled by the axe of the lumberman. We leave the ships a little beyond English Bay, and run alongside the wharf of
“MOODYVILLE SAW-MILL COMPANY,
The most extensive manufacturers.and exporters of lumber on the coast, North of Puget Sound. ‘heir great mill, furnished with ten electric’ - » lights for night work, completely equipped with double circular and ' gang saws, edgers, scantling, planing, and lath machinery, and employ-
.
By the Canadian Pacific Railway. 109
‘ing a hundred men, were cutting up hugh logs at the rate of from’75 to too thousand feet daily, or from 20 to 25 million feet a year. Quite a fleet of ships lay waiting for their cargoes for China, Japan, Australia, _ and the West Coast of South America. ' The town with its mill, machine shop, store, hotel, boarding house, and ‘numerous dwellings, and the shipping in front, presented the most interesting scene of activity on. the Inlet. . The company own large bodies of the best timber in this region, and have about roo men logising in their several camps. They obtain the largest and finest specimens of fr on Owen: Sound, Mud. Bay and Jarvis Inlet, furnishing almost any size required. ‘Mr. Hickey, chief engineer of the steamer Alexander, measured one of them which was seven feet six inches through at the butt and six feet and six inches _ fifty feet therefrom, five feet and four inches roo feet up, and five feet - in diameter 130 feet from its base, ‘These mills are owned by Welch - & Co. of San Francisco, Mr. George B. Springér being their manager at Moodyville, and Welch, Rithet & Co. their agents at Victoria. 4
ee oe
- VANCOUVER...
ay
URRARD INLET, an arm of the Gulf of Georgia, extends about
twelve miles inland from the entrance, between Points Grey and ~
Atkinson. : ; ; : * Vancouver, situated: upon the neck of land: lying between English Bay and Coal Harbor, and commanding all.the commercial advantages - of both waters for shipping, and avoiding all the disadvantages of strong - currents and tide rips, incident to the navigation of- the upper arm of
the Inlet, has been selected as the Pacific Terminus of the Canadian |
“Pacific Railway: a Everyone familiar with the topography of the North-West Coast and the character of its sea approaches, will recognize the: wisdom of the choice. - fo ; . The Inlet is a perfect land locked harbor with excellent anchorage, and easily accessible in all kinds of weather for the largest ships afloat. _ It is ‘situated about 75 miles from. Victoria and 35 miles from Vancouver Island at Nanaimo. a Immediately bordering its shores are the largest bodies of valuable
fir timber in the Province.
’ . : H
110°" from Ocean to Ocean
High mountains rise abruptly on the North, the Southern shore .teceding gradually over rolling timber lands.
Mountains and forests shelter the beautiful harbor so’ perfectly that it may be safely navigated i in stormy weather by the smallest craft. -
This is the favorite abode of the mountain: sheep, and bears are so numerous that they were frequently caught stealing from the mess tents of the railway construction camps.
It requires no prophetic foresight to predict, with reasonable certainty, regarding the future of the terminus of such a great railway, stretching from ocean to ocean, across over 2 500° miles of country,
wheat growing lands in America:
Fleets of ships will soon be sailing between Vancouver. and Eastern |
Ports Jaden with the exports and imports of a great commerce. Lines of steamers will run regularly from thence to Victoria.and the cities of Puget Sound and of the South Pacific ; and machine shops, can works, ship yards and other manufacturing industries will doubtless be estab- lished. at an early date.
i
“Alana and the Island Bailtway. [)ANsIMO is the’ principal mining city and